Mean kinematics, aerodynamic coefficients, body mass-specific powers and efficiencies for 13 Euglossa imperialis individuals hovering in a screened insectary on Barro Colorado Island, Panama
| . | Mean . | 95% C.I. . | F1,12 . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBF (Hz) | 173 | 169-176 | 4.37 | 0.061 |
| φ (deg.) | 124 | 121-126 | 1.59 | 0.233 |
| β (deg.) | 9.94 | 7.50-12.39 | 0.093 | 0.766 |
| χ (deg.) | 21.5 | 19.9-23.1 | 0.990 | 0.350 |
| Re | 1650 | 1540-1750 | 0.421 | 0.530 |
| CL | 1.49 | 1.32-1.66 | 0.331 | 0.577 |
| CD | 2.71 | 2.40-3.03 | 0.335 | 0.574 |
| Vind (m s−1) | 1.85 | 1.77-1.93 | 2.12 | 0.173 |
| P*ind (W kg−1) | 18.2 | 17.4-19.1 | 2.64 | 0.135 |
| P*pro (W kg−1) | 133 | 128-138 | 0.068 | 0.800 |
| P*acc (W kg−1) | 82.1 | 69.8-94.5 | 0.188 | 0.673 |
| P*zero (W kg−1) | 197 | 191-203 | 0.002 | 0.963 |
| P*per (W kg−1) | 152 | 148-156 | 0.108 | 0.749 |
| P*met (W kg−1) | 903 | 819-986 | 10.5 | 0.012 |
| P*heat (W kg−1) | 634 | 553-716 | 9.06 | 0.012 |
| P*evap (W kg−1) | 44.7 | 35.8-53.5 | n/a | n/a |
| ηheat, zero (%) | 22.9 | 21.1-24.7 | 7.70 | 0.018 |
| ηmet, zero (%) | 22.2 | 20.3-24.2 | 8.56 | 0.014 |
| ηheat, per (%) | 18.6 | 16.9-20.4 | 6.85 | 0.024 |
| ηmet, per (%) | 17.1 | 15.6-18.6 | 10.5 | 0.008 |
| ηsubtraction (%) | 24.1 | 14.8-33.4 | 0.16 | 0.696 |
| . | Mean . | 95% C.I. . | F1,12 . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBF (Hz) | 173 | 169-176 | 4.37 | 0.061 |
| φ (deg.) | 124 | 121-126 | 1.59 | 0.233 |
| β (deg.) | 9.94 | 7.50-12.39 | 0.093 | 0.766 |
| χ (deg.) | 21.5 | 19.9-23.1 | 0.990 | 0.350 |
| Re | 1650 | 1540-1750 | 0.421 | 0.530 |
| CL | 1.49 | 1.32-1.66 | 0.331 | 0.577 |
| CD | 2.71 | 2.40-3.03 | 0.335 | 0.574 |
| Vind (m s−1) | 1.85 | 1.77-1.93 | 2.12 | 0.173 |
| P*ind (W kg−1) | 18.2 | 17.4-19.1 | 2.64 | 0.135 |
| P*pro (W kg−1) | 133 | 128-138 | 0.068 | 0.800 |
| P*acc (W kg−1) | 82.1 | 69.8-94.5 | 0.188 | 0.673 |
| P*zero (W kg−1) | 197 | 191-203 | 0.002 | 0.963 |
| P*per (W kg−1) | 152 | 148-156 | 0.108 | 0.749 |
| P*met (W kg−1) | 903 | 819-986 | 10.5 | 0.012 |
| P*heat (W kg−1) | 634 | 553-716 | 9.06 | 0.012 |
| P*evap (W kg−1) | 44.7 | 35.8-53.5 | n/a | n/a |
| ηheat, zero (%) | 22.9 | 21.1-24.7 | 7.70 | 0.018 |
| ηmet, zero (%) | 22.2 | 20.3-24.2 | 8.56 | 0.014 |
| ηheat, per (%) | 18.6 | 16.9-20.4 | 6.85 | 0.024 |
| ηmet, per (%) | 17.1 | 15.6-18.6 | 10.5 | 0.008 |
| ηsubtraction (%) | 24.1 | 14.8-33.4 | 0.16 | 0.696 |
F-statistic and P-values are the results of a linear regression for a given parameter on air temperature. Profile drag coefficients were estimated using a lift-to-drag ratio of 0.55(Sane and Dickinson, 2001). For definitions, see text and List of symbols.