. | Individual orientation behavior . | . | . | . | Group orientation behavior . | . | . | . | . | Group orientation behavior doubled angles . | . | . | . | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | n . | rindividual* . | s.d. . | Random† . | n . | α . | rgroup‡ . | P . | 95% conf. interval . | n . | α . | rgroup‡ . | P . | ||||||||||
Sun visible (2003) | 16 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 16 | 202° | 0.80 | <0.001 | 182–222° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible, overpainted DRA (2003) | 20 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0 | 20 | 208° | 0.58 | <0.001 | 178–238° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible (2004) | 33 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 4 | 29 | 166° | 0.61 | <0.001 | 142–190° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible, clock-shifted +6 h (2004) | 21 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 2 | 19 | 262° | 0.66 | <0.001 | 235–289° | ||||||||||||||
Sun visible, clock-shifted +6 h, overpainted DRA (2004) | 28 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 4 | 24 | 252° | 0.48 | <0.01 | 217–287° | ||||||||||||||
Complete overcast simulation | 27 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 5 | 22 | 134° | 0.22 | 0.35 | – | 22 | 140°/320° | 0.20 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
44° visual field of sky | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Geographical orientation | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Morning | 30 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 5 | 25 | 354° | 0.23 | 0.27 | – | 25 | 151°/331° | 0.18 | 0.45 | ||||||||||
Afternoon | 21 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 3 | 18 | 309° | 0.09 | 0.86 | – | 18 | 94°/274° | 0.36 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
Combined data | 51 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 8 | 43 | 345° | 0.16 | 0.39 | – | 43 | 116°/296° | 0.14 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (E–W) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Morning | Same as for geographical orientation | 25 | 210° | 0.15 | 0.57 | – | 25 | 35°/215° | 0.19 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||
Afternoon | 18 | 59° | 0.07 | >0.90 | – | 18 | 43°/223° | 0.30 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||
Combined data | 43 | 198° | 0.06 | >0.90 | – | 43 | 39°/219° | 0.23 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||
90° turn of lid§ | – | – | – | – | 10 | 4° | 0.72 | <0.01 | 329–39° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
44° polarized light stimulus (sun shades up) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 48 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | 43 | 89°/269° | 0.23 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 43 | 231° | 0.14 | 0.43 | – | 43 | 174°/354° | 0.20 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 16 | 348° | 0.61 | <0.01 | 316–20° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
85° polarized light stimulus (no sun shades) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 49 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | 43 | 71°/251° | 0.26 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 43 | 115° | 0.23 | 0.19 | – | 43 | 42°/222° | 0.25 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 29 | 5° | 0.57 | <0.001 | 342–28° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
85° polarized light stimulus (sun shades up) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 38 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | 32 | 89°/269° | 0.14 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 32 | 288° | 0.25 | 0.16 | – | 32 | 100°/280° | 0.16 | 0.47 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 5 | 14° | 0.66 | 0.11 | 321–67° | – | – | – | – |
. | Individual orientation behavior . | . | . | . | Group orientation behavior . | . | . | . | . | Group orientation behavior doubled angles . | . | . | . | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | n . | rindividual* . | s.d. . | Random† . | n . | α . | rgroup‡ . | P . | 95% conf. interval . | n . | α . | rgroup‡ . | P . | ||||||||||
Sun visible (2003) | 16 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0 | 16 | 202° | 0.80 | <0.001 | 182–222° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible, overpainted DRA (2003) | 20 | 0.47 | 0.28 | 0 | 20 | 208° | 0.58 | <0.001 | 178–238° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible (2004) | 33 | 0.49 | 0.26 | 4 | 29 | 166° | 0.61 | <0.001 | 142–190° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
Sun visible, clock-shifted +6 h (2004) | 21 | 0.51 | 0.28 | 2 | 19 | 262° | 0.66 | <0.001 | 235–289° | ||||||||||||||
Sun visible, clock-shifted +6 h, overpainted DRA (2004) | 28 | 0.46 | 0.32 | 4 | 24 | 252° | 0.48 | <0.01 | 217–287° | ||||||||||||||
Complete overcast simulation | 27 | 0.26 | 0.17 | 5 | 22 | 134° | 0.22 | 0.35 | – | 22 | 140°/320° | 0.20 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
44° visual field of sky | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Geographical orientation | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Morning | 30 | 0.35 | 0.22 | 5 | 25 | 354° | 0.23 | 0.27 | – | 25 | 151°/331° | 0.18 | 0.45 | ||||||||||
Afternoon | 21 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 3 | 18 | 309° | 0.09 | 0.86 | – | 18 | 94°/274° | 0.36 | 0.10 | ||||||||||
Combined data | 51 | 0.35 | 0.23 | 8 | 43 | 345° | 0.16 | 0.39 | – | 43 | 116°/296° | 0.14 | 0.42 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (E–W) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Morning | Same as for geographical orientation | 25 | 210° | 0.15 | 0.57 | – | 25 | 35°/215° | 0.19 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||
Afternoon | 18 | 59° | 0.07 | >0.90 | – | 18 | 43°/223° | 0.30 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||
Combined data | 43 | 198° | 0.06 | >0.90 | – | 43 | 39°/219° | 0.23 | 0.10 | ||||||||||||||
90° turn of lid§ | – | – | – | – | 10 | 4° | 0.72 | <0.01 | 329–39° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
44° polarized light stimulus (sun shades up) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 48 | 0.37 | 0.24 | 5 | – | – | – | – | – | 43 | 89°/269° | 0.23 | 0.13 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 43 | 231° | 0.14 | 0.43 | – | 43 | 174°/354° | 0.20 | 0.20 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 16 | 348° | 0.61 | <0.01 | 316–20° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
85° polarized light stimulus (no sun shades) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 49 | 0.41 | 0.25 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | 43 | 71°/251° | 0.26 | 0.06 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 43 | 115° | 0.23 | 0.19 | – | 43 | 42°/222° | 0.25 | 0.11 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 29 | 5° | 0.57 | <0.001 | 342–28° | – | – | – | – | ||||||||||
85° polarized light stimulus (sun shades up) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Time-compensated orientation | 38 | 0.32 | 0.21 | 6 | – | – | – | – | – | 32 | 89°/269° | 0.14 | 0.56 | ||||||||||
Orientation towards e-vector axis (N–S) | 32 | 288° | 0.25 | 0.16 | – | 32 | 100°/280° | 0.16 | 0.47 | ||||||||||||||
Flight direction change after 90° turn of polarizer | – | – | – | – | 5 | 14° | 0.66 | 0.11 | 321–67° | – | – | – | – |