Comparison of literature values documenting pinniped cardiac output(Q̇) and stroke volume(Vs) during pre-dive and diving state
| Species . | Mass (kg) . | Vs, rest (ml) . | Q̇, rest (l min-1) . | Stahl's Q̇prediction* (ml min-1) . | Vs, dive (ml) . | Q̇, dive (l min-1) . | Method . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea lion | ∼30 | – | – | 2.9 | No change | 75% decline | Doppler flowmeter | Elsner et al. (1964) |
| Harbor seal | 15–27 | 31.2±16.0 | 5.18±2.33 | 1.7–2.7 | 39.61±27.2 | 0.62±0.35 | Dye dilution | Murdaugh et al. (1966) |
| Grey seal | ∼39 | 59.85 | 7.9 | 3.6 | 60 | 0.6 | Microspheres | Blix et al. (1976) |
| Harbor seal | 35–52 | 128 | 11.5 | 4.14 | 83 | ∼2 | Thermodilution | Sinnett et al. (1978) |
| Weddell seal | 334–496 | 826.21±317.64 | 39.79±10.21 | 20.7–28.5 | 365.87±178.38 | 5.62±3.42 | Thermodilution, microspheres | Zapol et al. (1979) |
| Harbor/grey seal | 30–40 | 70 | 9.7 | 2.9–3.7 | 40–70 | 0.6–0.8 | Microspheres | Blix et al. (1983) |
| Harbor seal | 28–39 | 100.2±15.2 | 9.14±2.17 | 2.8–3.6 | 30–50 | 2.5–5.6 | Thermodilution | Ponganis et al. (1990) |
| Elephant seal | 99–105 | 104.9±6.43 | 6.53±1.02 | 7.7–8.1 | 126.7±6.97 | 4.01±0.39 | MRI phase contrast | Present study |
| Species . | Mass (kg) . | Vs, rest (ml) . | Q̇, rest (l min-1) . | Stahl's Q̇prediction* (ml min-1) . | Vs, dive (ml) . | Q̇, dive (l min-1) . | Method . | Reference . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sea lion | ∼30 | – | – | 2.9 | No change | 75% decline | Doppler flowmeter | Elsner et al. (1964) |
| Harbor seal | 15–27 | 31.2±16.0 | 5.18±2.33 | 1.7–2.7 | 39.61±27.2 | 0.62±0.35 | Dye dilution | Murdaugh et al. (1966) |
| Grey seal | ∼39 | 59.85 | 7.9 | 3.6 | 60 | 0.6 | Microspheres | Blix et al. (1976) |
| Harbor seal | 35–52 | 128 | 11.5 | 4.14 | 83 | ∼2 | Thermodilution | Sinnett et al. (1978) |
| Weddell seal | 334–496 | 826.21±317.64 | 39.79±10.21 | 20.7–28.5 | 365.87±178.38 | 5.62±3.42 | Thermodilution, microspheres | Zapol et al. (1979) |
| Harbor/grey seal | 30–40 | 70 | 9.7 | 2.9–3.7 | 40–70 | 0.6–0.8 | Microspheres | Blix et al. (1983) |
| Harbor seal | 28–39 | 100.2±15.2 | 9.14±2.17 | 2.8–3.6 | 30–50 | 2.5–5.6 | Thermodilution | Ponganis et al. (1990) |
| Elephant seal | 99–105 | 104.9±6.43 | 6.53±1.02 | 7.7–8.1 | 126.7±6.97 | 4.01±0.39 | MRI phase contrast | Present study |
Stahl's power law prediction equation: `resting'Q̇=187(body mass)0.81(Stahl, 1967)