Vital statistics for elephants used in this study
| Elephant . | Facility . | Species . | Hip height h (m) . | Shoulder height (m) . | Age (years) . | Sex . | Body mass (kg) . | Maximal u (ms-1) . | Fr . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanya | COLCH | African | 1.91 | 2.72 | 26 | F | 3512 | 1.8 | 0.17 |
| Opal | COLCH | African | 2.03 | 2.70 | 23 | F | 3438 | 1.9 | 0.18 |
| Amos | HTWT | Asian | 1.01 | 1.5 | M | 500 | 3.2 | 1.03 | |
| Liz | SFMW | Asian | 1.90 | 36 | F | 4373 | 3.2 | 0.55 | |
| Taj | SFMW | Asian | 1.68 | 60 | F | 4234 | 3.7 | 0.83 | |
| Tina | SFMW | Asian | 1.68 | 43 | F | 3284 | 1.8 | 0.20 | |
| Malika | SFMW | African | 1.68 | 11 | F | 1632 | 3.2 | 0.62 | |
| Misha | SFMW | African | 1.93 | 16 | F | 3332 | 4.1 | 0.89 | |
| Tava | SFMW | African | 2.10 | 22 | F | 3936 | 3.0 | 0.44 | |
| Tika | SFMW | African | 1.75 | 21 | F | 4632 | 3.9 | 0.89 | |
| Kedar | IND | African | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.083 | M | 119 | 1.8 | 0.49 |
| Kubwa | IND | African | 1.93 | 2.60 | 30 | F | 3365 | 1.8 | 0.16 |
| Tombi | IND | African | 1.68 | 2.58 | 29 | F | 3265 | 5.9 | 2.14 |
| Ajani | IND | African | 1.44 | 2.07 | 5 | M | 1681 | 1.0 | 0.07 |
| Sophi | IND | African | 1.68 | 2.55 | 38 | F | 4358 | 1.5 | 0.14 |
| Ivory | IND | African | 1.75 | 24 | F | 3295 | 1.5 | 0.13 | |
| Csami | THUR | African | 1.18 | 1.74 | 5 | F | 930 | 4.2 | 1.52 |
| Seronga | THUR | African | 1.28 | 1.85 | 6 | F | 1240 | 4.8 | 1.83 |
| Elephant . | Facility . | Species . | Hip height h (m) . | Shoulder height (m) . | Age (years) . | Sex . | Body mass (kg) . | Maximal u (ms-1) . | Fr . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanya | COLCH | African | 1.91 | 2.72 | 26 | F | 3512 | 1.8 | 0.17 |
| Opal | COLCH | African | 2.03 | 2.70 | 23 | F | 3438 | 1.9 | 0.18 |
| Amos | HTWT | Asian | 1.01 | 1.5 | M | 500 | 3.2 | 1.03 | |
| Liz | SFMW | Asian | 1.90 | 36 | F | 4373 | 3.2 | 0.55 | |
| Taj | SFMW | Asian | 1.68 | 60 | F | 4234 | 3.7 | 0.83 | |
| Tina | SFMW | Asian | 1.68 | 43 | F | 3284 | 1.8 | 0.20 | |
| Malika | SFMW | African | 1.68 | 11 | F | 1632 | 3.2 | 0.62 | |
| Misha | SFMW | African | 1.93 | 16 | F | 3332 | 4.1 | 0.89 | |
| Tava | SFMW | African | 2.10 | 22 | F | 3936 | 3.0 | 0.44 | |
| Tika | SFMW | African | 1.75 | 21 | F | 4632 | 3.9 | 0.89 | |
| Kedar | IND | African | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.083 | M | 119 | 1.8 | 0.49 |
| Kubwa | IND | African | 1.93 | 2.60 | 30 | F | 3365 | 1.8 | 0.16 |
| Tombi | IND | African | 1.68 | 2.58 | 29 | F | 3265 | 5.9 | 2.14 |
| Ajani | IND | African | 1.44 | 2.07 | 5 | M | 1681 | 1.0 | 0.07 |
| Sophi | IND | African | 1.68 | 2.55 | 38 | F | 4358 | 1.5 | 0.14 |
| Ivory | IND | African | 1.75 | 24 | F | 3295 | 1.5 | 0.13 | |
| Csami | THUR | African | 1.18 | 1.74 | 5 | F | 930 | 4.2 | 1.52 |
| Seronga | THUR | African | 1.28 | 1.85 | 6 | F | 1240 | 4.8 | 1.83 |
COLCH, Colchester Zoo, Stanway, UK; HTWT, Have Trunk Will Travel, Perris,CA, USA; SFMW, Six Flags Marine World Park, Vallejo, CA, USA; IND,Indianapolis Zoo, Indianapolis, IN, USA; THUR, Thüringer Zoo, Ehrfurt,Germany.
For data on 42 Asian elephants see supplementary information (in Hutchinson et al., 2003).
Maximal u is absolute forward velocity (u) across the 10 m track, with the corresponding Froude number (Fr).