. | Behavior . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | 0-25 cm* . | . | 25-50 cm* . | . | Visual scan . | . | Enter shelter . | . | |||||||
. | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | |||||||
Trial 1 (N=10) | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 0.3±0.2a | 0±0 | 0.6±0.2a | 0.9±0.3 | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia | 7.2±1.0b | 0.9±0.5† | 6.2±1.8b | 0.1±0.4† | 6.5±0.1c | 0.4±0.2† | 0.4±0.3b | 0±0 | |||||||
Urea | 4.3±0.9b,c | 0.8±0.5† | 2.3±0.9b | 0.4±0.3† | 2.8±0.9b | 0.6±0.3† | 0.3±0.2b | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia/urea | 3.9±0.8c | 0.5±0.4† | 3.6±1.0b | 1.4±0.7† | 2.9±0.7b | 0.5±0.3† | 0.0±0.0b | 0±0 | |||||||
Positive control | 16.0±2.4d | 2.9±1.4† | 3.0±1.1b | 2.1±1.3 | 15.7±2.2d | 2.0±1.1† | 1.8±0.7c | 0±0† | |||||||
Trial 2 (N=4) | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0.0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia-N (12 μmol 1−1) | 4.5±4.0b | 0.3±0.5† | 1.3±0.7b | 0.8±0.7 | 4.0±2.4b | 0±0† | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia-N (24 μmol 1−1) | 2.9±3.0b | 0.3±0.3† | 2.5±2.2b | 0.8±0.7 | 3.0±2.4b | 0±0† | 0±0a | 0±0 |
. | Behavior . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
. | 0-25 cm* . | . | 25-50 cm* . | . | Visual scan . | . | Enter shelter . | . | |||||||
. | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | Treatment . | Control . | |||||||
Trial 1 (N=10) | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 0.3±0.2a | 0±0 | 0.6±0.2a | 0.9±0.3 | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia | 7.2±1.0b | 0.9±0.5† | 6.2±1.8b | 0.1±0.4† | 6.5±0.1c | 0.4±0.2† | 0.4±0.3b | 0±0 | |||||||
Urea | 4.3±0.9b,c | 0.8±0.5† | 2.3±0.9b | 0.4±0.3† | 2.8±0.9b | 0.6±0.3† | 0.3±0.2b | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia/urea | 3.9±0.8c | 0.5±0.4† | 3.6±1.0b | 1.4±0.7† | 2.9±0.7b | 0.5±0.3† | 0.0±0.0b | 0±0 | |||||||
Positive control | 16.0±2.4d | 2.9±1.4† | 3.0±1.1b | 2.1±1.3 | 15.7±2.2d | 2.0±1.1† | 1.8±0.7c | 0±0† | |||||||
Trial 2 (N=4) | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | 0±0.0a | 0±0 | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia-N (12 μmol 1−1) | 4.5±4.0b | 0.3±0.5† | 1.3±0.7b | 0.8±0.7 | 4.0±2.4b | 0±0† | 0±0a | 0±0 | |||||||
Ammonia-N (24 μmol 1−1) | 2.9±3.0b | 0.3±0.3† | 2.5±2.2b | 0.8±0.7 | 3.0±2.4b | 0±0† | 0±0a | 0±0 |
Behavioral categories include distance (*) gray snapper passed from experimental shelters delivering odorants; visual scan refers to when fish ceased locomotion for >1 cycle of pectoral fin sweeps and visually scanned the internal shelter chamber. The duration of each odorant challenge was 60 min.
Baseline is a control for pump noise prior to odorant delivery, the control columns represent simultaneous seawater delivery during odorant challenges and the positive control is clarified toadfish homogenate.
Values are presented as means ± s.e.m.; †significant differences between treatments and controls;significant differences among treatment groups are indicated by different lower case letters.