Variation in global-coordinate wing kinematics among flight velocities(0–12 m s-1) in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)
| Variable . | Value . | F . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstroke-plane angle, ψd (deg.) | 20±4 | 15.4 | <0.0001 |
| Upstroke-plane angle, ψu (deg.) | 88±53 | 551.5 | <0.0001 |
| Downstroke-plane area (mm2) | 10945±4242 | 150.2 | <0.0001 |
| Upstroke-plane area (mm2) | 6330±2588 | 146.9 | <0.0001 |
| Angle of attack, α (deg.) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 14±1 | 4.4 | 0.0038 |
| Mid-upstroke | 9±22 | 22.0 | < 0.0001 |
| Variable . | Value . | F . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Downstroke-plane angle, ψd (deg.) | 20±4 | 15.4 | <0.0001 |
| Upstroke-plane angle, ψu (deg.) | 88±53 | 551.5 | <0.0001 |
| Downstroke-plane area (mm2) | 10945±4242 | 150.2 | <0.0001 |
| Upstroke-plane area (mm2) | 6330±2588 | 146.9 | <0.0001 |
| Angle of attack, α (deg.) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 14±1 | 4.4 | 0.0038 |
| Mid-upstroke | 9±22 | 22.0 | < 0.0001 |
Values are mean ± s.d. among flight velocities (N=7), using N=5 birds per velocity
Statistical significance of the effect of velocity, F and P values are from repeated-measures analysis of variance (d.f. 4,6)