Variation in bird-centered kinematics among flight velocities(0–12 m s-1) in the rufous hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus)
| Variable . | Value . | F . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body angle, β (deg.) | 24±15 | 68.1 | <0.0001 |
| Anatomical stroke-plane angle, γb (deg.) | 67±8 | 19.0 | <0.0001 |
| Tracking stroke-plane angle, γh (deg.) | 43±21 | 182.4 | <0.0001 |
| Chord angle, αc (deg.) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | –26±8 | 3.3 | 0.0168 |
| Mid-upstroke | 56±29 | 19.4 | <0.0001 |
| Wingbeat frequency f (Hz) | 41±1 | 1.9 | 0.1183 |
| Wingbeat amplitude (deg.) | 107±9 | 3.1 | 0.0202 |
| Downstroke (%) | 50±2 | 4.8 | 0.0024 |
| Angular velocity (rad s-1) | |||
| Downstroke | 155±16 | 4.2 | 0.005 |
| Upstroke | 156±19 | 6.2 | 0.0005 |
| Wingspan (mm) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 99±3 | 5.2 | 0.0014 |
| Mid-upstroke | 92±2 | 1.2 | 0.3554 |
| Wristspan (mm) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 54±1 | 1.9 | 0.116 |
| Mid-upstroke | 52±1 | 1.4 | 0.2424 |
| Span ratio (%) | |||
| Wingtips | 93±3 | 3.9 | 0.0072 |
| Wrists | 98±1 | 2.8 | 0.0332 |
| Variable . | Value . | F . | P . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body angle, β (deg.) | 24±15 | 68.1 | <0.0001 |
| Anatomical stroke-plane angle, γb (deg.) | 67±8 | 19.0 | <0.0001 |
| Tracking stroke-plane angle, γh (deg.) | 43±21 | 182.4 | <0.0001 |
| Chord angle, αc (deg.) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | –26±8 | 3.3 | 0.0168 |
| Mid-upstroke | 56±29 | 19.4 | <0.0001 |
| Wingbeat frequency f (Hz) | 41±1 | 1.9 | 0.1183 |
| Wingbeat amplitude (deg.) | 107±9 | 3.1 | 0.0202 |
| Downstroke (%) | 50±2 | 4.8 | 0.0024 |
| Angular velocity (rad s-1) | |||
| Downstroke | 155±16 | 4.2 | 0.005 |
| Upstroke | 156±19 | 6.2 | 0.0005 |
| Wingspan (mm) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 99±3 | 5.2 | 0.0014 |
| Mid-upstroke | 92±2 | 1.2 | 0.3554 |
| Wristspan (mm) | |||
| Mid-downstroke | 54±1 | 1.9 | 0.116 |
| Mid-upstroke | 52±1 | 1.4 | 0.2424 |
| Span ratio (%) | |||
| Wingtips | 93±3 | 3.9 | 0.0072 |
| Wrists | 98±1 | 2.8 | 0.0332 |
Values are mean ± s.d. among flight velocities (N=7), using N=5 birds per velocity
Statistical significance of the effect of velocity, F and P values are from repeated-measures analysis of variance (d.f. 4,6)