The Company of Biologists

Table 1.

Morphology and key kinematic variables for the five dogs

	Dog 1	Dog 2	Dog 3^{^*}	Dog 4	Dog 5^{^†}
Breed	Labrador	Australian shepherd	Australian shepherd	Springer spaniel	Bull terrier
Sex	Male	Male	Female	Male	Male
Mass (kg)	33.8	25.3	21.7	18.1	13.0
Hindlimb (m)	0.46	0.51	0.46	0.40	0.36
Back (m)	0.59	0.63	0.52	0.53	0.37
Forelimb (m)	0.48	0.48	0.47	0.40	0.33
Number of trials	6	5	6	8	10
Mean ± 1 s.d. θ_hind (°)	25.3±2.2	26.7±1.2	23.4±1.6	25.4±1.7	18.2±0.9
Mean phase ± 1 s.d. (%)	16.5±0.9	12.9±1.6	11.6±1.8	9.6±1.6	15.8±1.5

	Dog 1	Dog 2	Dog 3^{^*}	Dog 4	Dog 5^{^†}
Breed	Labrador	Australian shepherd	Australian shepherd	Springer spaniel	Bull terrier
Sex	Male	Male	Female	Male	Male
Mass (kg)	33.8	25.3	21.7	18.1	13.0
Hindlimb (m)	0.46	0.51	0.46	0.40	0.36
Back (m)	0.59	0.63	0.52	0.53	0.37
Forelimb (m)	0.48	0.48	0.47	0.40	0.33
Number of trials	6	5	6	8	10
Mean ± 1 s.d. θ_hind (°)	25.3±2.2	26.7±1.2	23.4±1.6	25.4±1.7	18.2±0.9
Mean phase ± 1 s.d. (%)	16.5±0.9	12.9±1.6	11.6±1.8	9.6±1.6	15.8±1.5

The dog for which example trials of very slow, slow and moderate walking(Fig. 3) were taken

†

Excluded from Fig. 4 as energy recovery was <50% throughout the Froude number range; this dog exhibited a `bouncing gait' even when kinematically walking

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