Stresses that activate AMPK
| Type of treatment . | Treatment . | Primary reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory chain inhibitors | Antimycin A | Witters et al., 1991 |
| Azide | Witters et al., 1991 | |
| Nitric oxide | Almeida et al., 2004 | |
| ATP synthase inhibitor | Oligomycin | Marsin et al., 2000 |
| Mitochondrial uncouplers | Dinitrophenol | Witters et al., 1991 |
| Over-expression of UCP1 | Matejkova et al., 2004 | |
| Over-expression of UCP3 | Schrauwen et al., 2004 | |
| TCA cycle inhibitor | Arsenite | Corton et al., 1994 |
| Environmental stresses | Heat shock | Corton et al., 1994 |
| Oxidative stress | Choi et al., 2001 | |
| Osmotic stress | Fryer et al., 2002 | |
| Metabolic stresses | Ischaemia | Kudo et al., 1995 |
| Hypoxia | Marsin et al., 2000 | |
| Low glucose | Salt et al., 1998 | |
| Exercise (muscle) | Winder and Hardie, 1996 | |
| Contraction (muscle) | Hutber et al., 1997; Vavvas et al., 1997 | |
| Biguanide drugs | Metformin | Zhou et al., 2001 |
| Phenformin | Hawley et al., 2003 | |
| Thiazolidinedione drugs | Rosiglitazone | Fryer et al., 2002 |
| Pioglitazone | Saha et al., 2004 |
| Type of treatment . | Treatment . | Primary reference . |
|---|---|---|
| Respiratory chain inhibitors | Antimycin A | Witters et al., 1991 |
| Azide | Witters et al., 1991 | |
| Nitric oxide | Almeida et al., 2004 | |
| ATP synthase inhibitor | Oligomycin | Marsin et al., 2000 |
| Mitochondrial uncouplers | Dinitrophenol | Witters et al., 1991 |
| Over-expression of UCP1 | Matejkova et al., 2004 | |
| Over-expression of UCP3 | Schrauwen et al., 2004 | |
| TCA cycle inhibitor | Arsenite | Corton et al., 1994 |
| Environmental stresses | Heat shock | Corton et al., 1994 |
| Oxidative stress | Choi et al., 2001 | |
| Osmotic stress | Fryer et al., 2002 | |
| Metabolic stresses | Ischaemia | Kudo et al., 1995 |
| Hypoxia | Marsin et al., 2000 | |
| Low glucose | Salt et al., 1998 | |
| Exercise (muscle) | Winder and Hardie, 1996 | |
| Contraction (muscle) | Hutber et al., 1997; Vavvas et al., 1997 | |
| Biguanide drugs | Metformin | Zhou et al., 2001 |
| Phenformin | Hawley et al., 2003 | |
| Thiazolidinedione drugs | Rosiglitazone | Fryer et al., 2002 |
| Pioglitazone | Saha et al., 2004 |