Mean values and standard deviations (in brackets) of wing surface microstructure parameters of 15 cicada species, based on the Wenzel and Cassie models
| Type . | Species . | Diameter (R; nm) . | Spacing (L; nm) . | Height (H; nm) . | CA (deg.) . | θw (deg.) . | θc (deg.) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | C. maculata | 97 (5) | 92 (11) | 309 (24) | 76.8 (13.9) | – | 143.6 |
| P. scitula | 84 (5) | 84 (11) | 282 (18) | 91.9 (5.9) | – | 144.6 | |
| B | M. hebes | 85 (7) | 95 (11) | 164 (8) | 78.4 (5.0) | 134.7 | 146.6 |
| L. bifuscata | 90 (5) | 117 (13) | 200 (52) | 81.3 (8.3) | 105.0 | 149.3 | |
| M. conica | 95 (7) | 115 (15) | 159 (13) | 93.9 (8.3) | 127.7 | 148.0 | |
| C | M. durga | 89 (5) | 89 (9) | 257 (24) | 134.8 (5.7) | 171.4 | 144.6 |
| A. bindusara | 84 (4) | 91 (13) | 234 (18) | 135.5 (5.2) | 157.4 | 146.0 | |
| M. microdon | 82 (3) | 89 (7) | 208 (8) | 139.8 (4.5) | 149.6 | 146.1 | |
| D | M. mongolica | 128 (4) | 47 (5) | 417 (26) | 123.3 (12.7) | – | 127.1 |
| P. radha | 137 (5) | 44 (3) | 288 (12) | 136.5 (5.2) | – | 125.1 | |
| D. vaginata | 132 (6) | 56 (7) | 363 (22) | 141.3 (3.3) | – | 129.4 | |
| D. nagarasingna | 128 (6) | 47 (5) | 316 (18) | 141.6 (4.5) | – | 127.1 | |
| M. opalifer | 148 (6) | 48 (5) | 418 (38) | 143.8 (6.0) | – | 125.3 | |
| T. vacua | 141 (5) | 44 (4) | 446 (28) | 144.2 (6.8) | – | 124.7 | |
| T. jinpingensis | 141 (5) | 46 (4) | 391 (24) | 146.0 (2.6) | – | 125.4 |
| Type . | Species . | Diameter (R; nm) . | Spacing (L; nm) . | Height (H; nm) . | CA (deg.) . | θw (deg.) . | θc (deg.) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | C. maculata | 97 (5) | 92 (11) | 309 (24) | 76.8 (13.9) | – | 143.6 |
| P. scitula | 84 (5) | 84 (11) | 282 (18) | 91.9 (5.9) | – | 144.6 | |
| B | M. hebes | 85 (7) | 95 (11) | 164 (8) | 78.4 (5.0) | 134.7 | 146.6 |
| L. bifuscata | 90 (5) | 117 (13) | 200 (52) | 81.3 (8.3) | 105.0 | 149.3 | |
| M. conica | 95 (7) | 115 (15) | 159 (13) | 93.9 (8.3) | 127.7 | 148.0 | |
| C | M. durga | 89 (5) | 89 (9) | 257 (24) | 134.8 (5.7) | 171.4 | 144.6 |
| A. bindusara | 84 (4) | 91 (13) | 234 (18) | 135.5 (5.2) | 157.4 | 146.0 | |
| M. microdon | 82 (3) | 89 (7) | 208 (8) | 139.8 (4.5) | 149.6 | 146.1 | |
| D | M. mongolica | 128 (4) | 47 (5) | 417 (26) | 123.3 (12.7) | – | 127.1 |
| P. radha | 137 (5) | 44 (3) | 288 (12) | 136.5 (5.2) | – | 125.1 | |
| D. vaginata | 132 (6) | 56 (7) | 363 (22) | 141.3 (3.3) | – | 129.4 | |
| D. nagarasingna | 128 (6) | 47 (5) | 316 (18) | 141.6 (4.5) | – | 127.1 | |
| M. opalifer | 148 (6) | 48 (5) | 418 (38) | 143.8 (6.0) | – | 125.3 | |
| T. vacua | 141 (5) | 44 (4) | 446 (28) | 144.2 (6.8) | – | 124.7 | |
| T. jinpingensis | 141 (5) | 46 (4) | 391 (24) | 146.0 (2.6) | – | 125.4 |
CA, contact angles; θW, apparent contact angle on rough surface in the Wenzel model; θC, apparent contact angle on rough surface in the Cassie model. Height values were calculated from inclination of the surface by 30 deg
A dash indicates an inaccessible angle of θW because the value of cosθW is out of the range (–1 to 1) based on the Wenzel model (see supplementary material Table S1)