. | Brünnich's guillemot . | Little auk . | References . |
---|---|---|---|
Morphological properties | |||
Body mass (max.–min.) (kg) | 0.75–1.00 | 0.14–0.17 | Schreiber and Burger, 2002 |
Plumage depth (dorsal–ventral) (mm) | 5.6–16.0 | 7.4–12.8 | This study |
Plumage reflectivity (dorsal–ventral) (%) | 38.0–74.4 | 40.4–65.0 | This study |
Feather length (dorsal–ventral) (mm) | 32.4–25.0 | 20.0–19.2 | This study |
Feather diameter (dorsal–ventral) (μm) | 33.0–33.0 | 33.0–33.0 | This study |
Wing span (m) | 0.72 | 0.39 | Croll et al., 1991; Elliot and Gaston, 2005, A. M. A. Harding, unpublished |
Wing area (cm2) | 550 | 180 | Croll et al., 1991; Elliot and Gaston, 2005, A. M. A. Harding, unpublished |
Physiological properties | |||
Body core temperature (max.–min.) (°C) | 39.6–40.3 | 40.1 | Gabrielsen et al., 1988; Gabrielsen et al., 1991 |
Flesh thermal conductivity (W m–1°C–1) | 0.5 | 0.5 | Cheng and Plewes, 1992 |
Oxygen extraction efficiency (%) | 35 | 35 | Hainsworth, 1981; Arens and Cooper, 2005 |
Digestive efficiency (%) | 70 | 80 | Wiens and Scott, 1975; Harding et al., 2009 |
Core temperature–skin temperature (°C) | 0.1 | 0.1 | W.P.P., unpublished |
Exhaled air temperature–local air temperature (°C) | 2 | 2 | Porter et al., 2000 |
Bird density (kg m–3) | 932.9 | 932.9 | Porter et al., 2006 |
Flight metabolism (W) | 88.00 | 10.57 | Pennycuick, 1989; A. M. A. Harding, unpublished; this study |
Behavioural properties | |||
Ventral area contacting substrate (%) | 25 | 25 | This study |
Flight speed (ms–1) | 18.1 | 13.0 | Nettleship and Birhead, 1985 |
Dive depth (m) | 48.0 | 27.3 | Falk et al., 2000; Mori et al., 2002 |
Flight altitude (m) | 5 | 5 | Gaston, 2004; see methods |
Proportion of time spent flying per day (%) | 7 | 7 | Our estimate based on Falk et al.,2000; Falk et al.,2002, J.F., unpublished |
Proportion of time spent diving per day (%) | 17 | 17 | Our estimate based on Falk et al.,2000; Falk et al.,2002; J.F., unpublished |
. | Brünnich's guillemot . | Little auk . | References . |
---|---|---|---|
Morphological properties | |||
Body mass (max.–min.) (kg) | 0.75–1.00 | 0.14–0.17 | Schreiber and Burger, 2002 |
Plumage depth (dorsal–ventral) (mm) | 5.6–16.0 | 7.4–12.8 | This study |
Plumage reflectivity (dorsal–ventral) (%) | 38.0–74.4 | 40.4–65.0 | This study |
Feather length (dorsal–ventral) (mm) | 32.4–25.0 | 20.0–19.2 | This study |
Feather diameter (dorsal–ventral) (μm) | 33.0–33.0 | 33.0–33.0 | This study |
Wing span (m) | 0.72 | 0.39 | Croll et al., 1991; Elliot and Gaston, 2005, A. M. A. Harding, unpublished |
Wing area (cm2) | 550 | 180 | Croll et al., 1991; Elliot and Gaston, 2005, A. M. A. Harding, unpublished |
Physiological properties | |||
Body core temperature (max.–min.) (°C) | 39.6–40.3 | 40.1 | Gabrielsen et al., 1988; Gabrielsen et al., 1991 |
Flesh thermal conductivity (W m–1°C–1) | 0.5 | 0.5 | Cheng and Plewes, 1992 |
Oxygen extraction efficiency (%) | 35 | 35 | Hainsworth, 1981; Arens and Cooper, 2005 |
Digestive efficiency (%) | 70 | 80 | Wiens and Scott, 1975; Harding et al., 2009 |
Core temperature–skin temperature (°C) | 0.1 | 0.1 | W.P.P., unpublished |
Exhaled air temperature–local air temperature (°C) | 2 | 2 | Porter et al., 2000 |
Bird density (kg m–3) | 932.9 | 932.9 | Porter et al., 2006 |
Flight metabolism (W) | 88.00 | 10.57 | Pennycuick, 1989; A. M. A. Harding, unpublished; this study |
Behavioural properties | |||
Ventral area contacting substrate (%) | 25 | 25 | This study |
Flight speed (ms–1) | 18.1 | 13.0 | Nettleship and Birhead, 1985 |
Dive depth (m) | 48.0 | 27.3 | Falk et al., 2000; Mori et al., 2002 |
Flight altitude (m) | 5 | 5 | Gaston, 2004; see methods |
Proportion of time spent flying per day (%) | 7 | 7 | Our estimate based on Falk et al.,2000; Falk et al.,2002, J.F., unpublished |
Proportion of time spent diving per day (%) | 17 | 17 | Our estimate based on Falk et al.,2000; Falk et al.,2002; J.F., unpublished |