Jumping performance of short- and long-legged leafhoppers
| Species (N) . | Time to take-off (ms) . | Take-off linear velocity (m s–1) . | Take-off angular velocity (deg. s–1) . | Mass (mg) . | Length (mm) . | Acceleration (m s–1) . | Acceleration (g) . | Translational energy (μJ) . | Rotational energy (μJ) . | Power (mW) . | Force (mN) . | Energy/mass (μJ mg–1) . | Power/muscle mass* [mW mg–1 (W kg–1)] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formulae | t | V | 57.3ω | m | l | a=V/t | g=a/9.86 | e=0.5 mV2 | erot=ml2ω2/24 | p=(e+erot)/t | F=ma | (e+erot)/m | p/(0.11 m) |
| Short-legged | |||||||||||||
| Cephalelus | |||||||||||||
| Average (6) | 2.1±0.08 | 1.6±0.2 | 2624 | 9.2 | 13.4 | 762 | 77 | 12 | 0.14 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 5.6 (5600) |
| Best | 2 | 2 | 4003 | 11.4 | 1000 | 101 | 23 | 0.42 | 12 | 11 | 2.0 | 9.3 (9300) | |
| Ulopa | |||||||||||||
| Average (6) | 1.5±0.04 | 1.9±0.2 | 28190 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1267 | 128 | 3.8 | 0.20 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 12 (12000) |
| Best | 1 | 2.3 | 33347 | 2.5 | 2300 | 233 | 6.6 | 0.34 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 25 (25000) | |
| Long-legged | |||||||||||||
| Empoasca(7)† | 4.7±0.1 | 1.1±0.11 | 2177‡ | 0.86 | 3.5 | 234 | 24 | 0.5 | 0.001 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 (1200) |
| Aphrodes(43)† | 4.4±0.18 | 2.5±0.09 | 3846 | 18.4 | 8.5 | 568 | 58 | 58 | 0.25 | 13 | 11 | 3.1 | 6.5 (6500) |
| Cicadella (♂)(10)† | 6.4±0.21 | 1.2±0.13 | 3505 | 10.9 | 6.4 | 188 | 19 | 7.8 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 (1000) |
| Graphocephala (16) | 5.6±0.25 | 1.6±0.07 | – | 13 | 9.0 | 286 | 29 | 17 | – | 3.0 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 2.1 (2100) |
| Iassus (nymph) (1) | 2.5 | 2 | – | 4 | 4.3 | 800 | 81 | 8 | – | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 7.3 (7300) |
| Species (N) . | Time to take-off (ms) . | Take-off linear velocity (m s–1) . | Take-off angular velocity (deg. s–1) . | Mass (mg) . | Length (mm) . | Acceleration (m s–1) . | Acceleration (g) . | Translational energy (μJ) . | Rotational energy (μJ) . | Power (mW) . | Force (mN) . | Energy/mass (μJ mg–1) . | Power/muscle mass* [mW mg–1 (W kg–1)] . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formulae | t | V | 57.3ω | m | l | a=V/t | g=a/9.86 | e=0.5 mV2 | erot=ml2ω2/24 | p=(e+erot)/t | F=ma | (e+erot)/m | p/(0.11 m) |
| Short-legged | |||||||||||||
| Cephalelus | |||||||||||||
| Average (6) | 2.1±0.08 | 1.6±0.2 | 2624 | 9.2 | 13.4 | 762 | 77 | 12 | 0.14 | 5.7 | 7.0 | 1.3 | 5.6 (5600) |
| Best | 2 | 2 | 4003 | 11.4 | 1000 | 101 | 23 | 0.42 | 12 | 11 | 2.0 | 9.3 (9300) | |
| Ulopa | |||||||||||||
| Average (6) | 1.5±0.04 | 1.9±0.2 | 28190 | 2.1 | 3.1 | 1267 | 128 | 3.8 | 0.20 | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 12 (12000) |
| Best | 1 | 2.3 | 33347 | 2.5 | 2300 | 233 | 6.6 | 0.34 | 7.0 | 5.8 | 2.8 | 25 (25000) | |
| Long-legged | |||||||||||||
| Empoasca(7)† | 4.7±0.1 | 1.1±0.11 | 2177‡ | 0.86 | 3.5 | 234 | 24 | 0.5 | 0.001 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 (1200) |
| Aphrodes(43)† | 4.4±0.18 | 2.5±0.09 | 3846 | 18.4 | 8.5 | 568 | 58 | 58 | 0.25 | 13 | 11 | 3.1 | 6.5 (6500) |
| Cicadella (♂)(10)† | 6.4±0.21 | 1.2±0.13 | 3505 | 10.9 | 6.4 | 188 | 19 | 7.8 | 0.07 | 1.2 | 2.0 | 0.7 | 1.0 (1000) |
| Graphocephala (16) | 5.6±0.25 | 1.6±0.07 | – | 13 | 9.0 | 286 | 29 | 17 | – | 3.0 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 2.1 (2100) |
| Iassus (nymph) (1) | 2.5 | 2 | – | 4 | 4.3 | 800 | 81 | 8 | – | 3.2 | 3.2 | 2.0 | 7.3 (7300) |