Similarities and differences in (A) kinematics and (B) behavioural phases between raking and alternative feeding behaviours among teleost fishes
| A . | . | . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanisms . | Raking . | Strike . | Chewing . | Taxa . | Study . |
| Neurocranium | Elevation +++ | Elevation +++ | Elevation + | Micropterus, Chitala, Osteoglossum, Salvelinus | Carroll, 2004; Thys, 1997; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Frost and Sanford, 1999; Sanford, 2001b |
| Pectoral girdle | Retraction +++ | Retraction +++ | Retraction + | Notopterus, Osteoglossum | Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990 |
| Oral jaws | Occlusion + | Expansion +++ | Expansion to occlusion +++ | Chitala, Osteoglossum, Salvelinus | Motta, 1984; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford, 2001b |
| Hyoid bar | Protraction to retraction | Depression | Depression | Salvelinus, Chitala, Osteoglossum, Micropterus | Muller, 1987; Sanford, 2001b; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford and Wainwright, 2002 |
| Suspensorium | Flaring | Flaring | Occlusion | Lepisosteus, Polypterus, Amia, Chitala | Lauder, 1980; Muller, 1987; Muller, 1989; Sanford, 2001a |
| A . | . | . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mechanisms . | Raking . | Strike . | Chewing . | Taxa . | Study . |
| Neurocranium | Elevation +++ | Elevation +++ | Elevation + | Micropterus, Chitala, Osteoglossum, Salvelinus | Carroll, 2004; Thys, 1997; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Frost and Sanford, 1999; Sanford, 2001b |
| Pectoral girdle | Retraction +++ | Retraction +++ | Retraction + | Notopterus, Osteoglossum | Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990 |
| Oral jaws | Occlusion + | Expansion +++ | Expansion to occlusion +++ | Chitala, Osteoglossum, Salvelinus | Motta, 1984; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford, 2001b |
| Hyoid bar | Protraction to retraction | Depression | Depression | Salvelinus, Chitala, Osteoglossum, Micropterus | Muller, 1987; Sanford, 2001b; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford and Wainwright, 2002 |
| Suspensorium | Flaring | Flaring | Occlusion | Lepisosteus, Polypterus, Amia, Chitala | Lauder, 1980; Muller, 1987; Muller, 1989; Sanford, 2001a |
| B . | . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral and buccal cavities . | Raking . | Strike . | Chewing . | Reference . |
| Preparatory phase | Compressive | Compressive | Expansive | Lauder, 1980; Lauder, 1981; Muller, 1987; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Gillis and Lauder, 1995; Frost and Sanford, 1999; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford, 2001b; Sanford and Wainwright, 2002 |
| Power stroke phase | Compressive | Expansive to compressive | Compressive | |
| Recovery phase | Expansive | Expansive | Expansive |
| B . | . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral and buccal cavities . | Raking . | Strike . | Chewing . | Reference . |
| Preparatory phase | Compressive | Compressive | Expansive | Lauder, 1980; Lauder, 1981; Muller, 1987; Sanford and Lauder, 1989; Sanford and Lauder, 1990; Gillis and Lauder, 1995; Frost and Sanford, 1999; Sanford, 2001a; Sanford, 2001b; Sanford and Wainwright, 2002 |
| Power stroke phase | Compressive | Expansive to compressive | Compressive | |
| Recovery phase | Expansive | Expansive | Expansive |
See Sanford and Lauder (Sanford and Lauder, 1989), and Hilton(Hilton, 2001) for treatments of tongue-bite apparatus traits in raking teleosts. Underlined reference indicates source for underlined trait
+, modest; ++, considerable; +++, extensive kinematic excursion