Species . | Colonies tested . | Onset (°C) . | End (°C) . | Range (°C) . | Peak (°C) . | Heat of fusion (mJ mg–1) . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apini | ||||||
Dwarf honeybees | ||||||
Apis andreniformis Smith | 2 | 34.6±0.92 | 69.0±0.42 | 34.3±1.33 | 67.0±0.33 | 145.1±1.70 |
Apis florea Fabricius | 5 | 40.1±1.10 | 69.2±0.40 | 29.1±1.22 | 66.7±0.37 | 117.9±11.83 |
Giant honeybees | ||||||
Apis dorsata binghami Cockerell | 1 | 37.9 | 67.5 | 29.7 | 64.9 | 149.9 |
Apis dorsata dorsata Fabricius | 11 | 35.2±0.50 | 66.5±0.22 | 31.3±0.57 | 63.5±0.29 | 128.1±11.32 |
Cavity-nesting honeybees | ||||||
Apis cerana cerana Fabricius | 4 | 37.1±0.05 | 69.4±0.23 | 32.3±0.25 | 67.7±0.18 | 152.3±1.60 |
Apis cerana indica Fabricius | 12 | 37.4±0.32 | 70.5±0.46 | 33.1±0.39 | 68.6±0.46 | 168.8±0.99 |
Apis mellifera Linnaeus | 4 | 40.4±0.72 | 67.0±0.50 | 26.6±0.93 | 64.6±0.67 | 170.7±4.48 |
Apis nigrocincta Smith | 2 | 37.4±0.25 | 69.6±0.41 | 32.2±0.67 | 67.6±0.25 | 165.8±1.74 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 37.3±0.36 | 68.6±0.30 | 31.3±0.41 | 66.3±0.36 | 148.5±4.57 | |
Bombini | ||||||
Bombus impatiens Cresson | 1 | 34.2 | 55.2 | 21.0 | 50.2 | 33.7 |
Bombus rufocinctus Cresson | 1 | 29.4 | 51.9 | 22.5 | 48.5 | 78.7 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 31.8±2.42 | 53.5±1.67 | 21.8±0.75 | 49.4±0.83 | 56.2±22.47 | |
Meliponini | ||||||
Plebia schrottkyi Friese | 1 | 53.9 | 73.7 | 19.8 | 67.7 | 85.9 |
Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier | 1 | 57.7 | 76.7 | 19.0 | 68.9 | 75.4 |
Nanotrigona testaeicornis Iratim | 1 | 69.0 | 85.3 | 16.3 | 79.4 | n.a. |
Plebia quadripunctata Lepeletier | 1 | 58.4 | 76.0 | 17.7 | 71.9 | 67.8 |
Trigona angustula Latreille | 1 | 57.2 | 75.0 | 17.8 | 67.9 | 75.4 |
Melipona beecheii Bennett | 1 | 55.8 | 72.7 | 16.9 | 67.8 | 101.2 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 59.2±2.57 | 77.4±2.06 | 18.1±0.60 | 71.1±2.19 | 76.1±3.73 |
Species . | Colonies tested . | Onset (°C) . | End (°C) . | Range (°C) . | Peak (°C) . | Heat of fusion (mJ mg–1) . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apini | ||||||
Dwarf honeybees | ||||||
Apis andreniformis Smith | 2 | 34.6±0.92 | 69.0±0.42 | 34.3±1.33 | 67.0±0.33 | 145.1±1.70 |
Apis florea Fabricius | 5 | 40.1±1.10 | 69.2±0.40 | 29.1±1.22 | 66.7±0.37 | 117.9±11.83 |
Giant honeybees | ||||||
Apis dorsata binghami Cockerell | 1 | 37.9 | 67.5 | 29.7 | 64.9 | 149.9 |
Apis dorsata dorsata Fabricius | 11 | 35.2±0.50 | 66.5±0.22 | 31.3±0.57 | 63.5±0.29 | 128.1±11.32 |
Cavity-nesting honeybees | ||||||
Apis cerana cerana Fabricius | 4 | 37.1±0.05 | 69.4±0.23 | 32.3±0.25 | 67.7±0.18 | 152.3±1.60 |
Apis cerana indica Fabricius | 12 | 37.4±0.32 | 70.5±0.46 | 33.1±0.39 | 68.6±0.46 | 168.8±0.99 |
Apis mellifera Linnaeus | 4 | 40.4±0.72 | 67.0±0.50 | 26.6±0.93 | 64.6±0.67 | 170.7±4.48 |
Apis nigrocincta Smith | 2 | 37.4±0.25 | 69.6±0.41 | 32.2±0.67 | 67.6±0.25 | 165.8±1.74 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 37.3±0.36 | 68.6±0.30 | 31.3±0.41 | 66.3±0.36 | 148.5±4.57 | |
Bombini | ||||||
Bombus impatiens Cresson | 1 | 34.2 | 55.2 | 21.0 | 50.2 | 33.7 |
Bombus rufocinctus Cresson | 1 | 29.4 | 51.9 | 22.5 | 48.5 | 78.7 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 31.8±2.42 | 53.5±1.67 | 21.8±0.75 | 49.4±0.83 | 56.2±22.47 | |
Meliponini | ||||||
Plebia schrottkyi Friese | 1 | 53.9 | 73.7 | 19.8 | 67.7 | 85.9 |
Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier | 1 | 57.7 | 76.7 | 19.0 | 68.9 | 75.4 |
Nanotrigona testaeicornis Iratim | 1 | 69.0 | 85.3 | 16.3 | 79.4 | n.a. |
Plebia quadripunctata Lepeletier | 1 | 58.4 | 76.0 | 17.7 | 71.9 | 67.8 |
Trigona angustula Latreille | 1 | 57.2 | 75.0 | 17.8 | 67.9 | 75.4 |
Melipona beecheii Bennett | 1 | 55.8 | 72.7 | 16.9 | 67.8 | 101.2 |
Mean ± s.e.m. | 59.2±2.57 | 77.4±2.06 | 18.1±0.60 | 71.1±2.19 | 76.1±3.73 |
When multiple colonies were tested, the mean ± s.e.m. is given