Timing of lesser underwing covert feather deflection in flapping perching sequences
| . | Flapping approach wingbeats . | . | . | Main deceleration wingbeat . | . | . | Fine-tuning wingbeat . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | ||||||
| Alula begins to protract | 1 | –84 | – | 9 | –82 | 46 | 4 | –102 | 32 | ||||||
| Time taken for alula to protract | 1 | 24 | – | 8 | 26 | 13 | 4 | 29 | 18 | ||||||
| Lesser underwing covert deployment | |||||||||||||||
| Begins | 3 | –84 | 2 | 12 | –62 | 13 | 8 | –93 | 31 | ||||||
| Complete | 5 | –23 | 33 | 12 | –5 | 33 | 8 | –44 | 34 | ||||||
| Lesser underwing covert closure | |||||||||||||||
| Begins | 7 | 48 | 30 | 12 | 104 | 37 | 8 | 28 | 55 | ||||||
| Ends | 7 | 93 | 34.6 | 13 | 178 | 62 | 8 | 130 | 67 | ||||||
| . | Flapping approach wingbeats . | . | . | Main deceleration wingbeat . | . | . | Fine-tuning wingbeat . | . | . | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | N . | t (ms) . | s.d. . | ||||||
| Alula begins to protract | 1 | –84 | – | 9 | –82 | 46 | 4 | –102 | 32 | ||||||
| Time taken for alula to protract | 1 | 24 | – | 8 | 26 | 13 | 4 | 29 | 18 | ||||||
| Lesser underwing covert deployment | |||||||||||||||
| Begins | 3 | –84 | 2 | 12 | –62 | 13 | 8 | –93 | 31 | ||||||
| Complete | 5 | –23 | 33 | 12 | –5 | 33 | 8 | –44 | 34 | ||||||
| Lesser underwing covert closure | |||||||||||||||
| Begins | 7 | 48 | 30 | 12 | 104 | 37 | 8 | 28 | 55 | ||||||
| Ends | 7 | 93 | 34.6 | 13 | 178 | 62 | 8 | 130 | 67 | ||||||
Values given are means with s.d., where applicable
Times are referenced to the point of maximum wing flexion(t0) and are accurate to ±4 ms