Appendix
| Species . | GCT (ms) . | TMG (ms) . | GA (degrees) . | Length (cm) . | Source . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hagfishes | |||||
| Eptatretus stoutii | 986 | 331 | 175 | 31.7 | Present study |
| Myxine glutinosa | 993 | 354 | 178 | 36.3 | Present study |
| Cartilaginous fishes | |||||
| Carcharhinus perezi | 383 | 120 | N/A | N/A | (Motta and Wilga, 2001) |
| Ginglymostoma cirratum | 100 | 32 | N/A | 78 | (Motta et al., 2002) |
| Carcharodon carcharias | 443 | 140 | N/A | 350 | (Tricas and McCosker, 1984) |
| Cephaloscyllium ventriosum | N/A | 327* | 84.6* | 30 | (Ferry-Graham, 1997) |
| Heterodontus francisci | 131* | 54.2* | N/A | 62.5 | (Edmonds et al., 2001) |
| Negaprion brevirostris | 309 | 81 | N/A | 72.3† | (Motta et al., 1997) |
| Rhinobatos lentiginosus | 274‡ | 133‡ | N/A | 57 | (Wilga and Motta, 1998b) |
| Squalus acanthias | 280 | 100 | N/A | 55.5 | (Wilga and Motta, 1998a) |
| Sphyrna tiburo | 186 | 103 | 33 | 60.7 | (Wilga and Motta, 2000) |
| Triakis semifasciata | 165 | 97.5 | 82.6 | 38.1 | (Ferry-Graham, 1998) |
| Narcine brasiliensis | 58 | N/A | N/A | 20.0 | (Dean and Motta, 2004) |
| Rhinoptera bonasus | 233 | N/A | 77 | 55.0 (DW) | (Sasko et al., 2006) |
| Bony fishes | |||||
| Antennarius hispidus | N/A | 6.3 | N/A | 9.8 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Antennarius striatus | N/A | 6.2 | N/A | 8.2 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Antennarius maculatus | N/A | 6.7 | N/A | 6.3 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Micropterus salmoides | 89 | N/A | N/A | 20.6 | (Richard and Wainwright, 1995) |
| Pleuronichthys verticalis | 39 | 20.0 | 33.8 | 17 | (Gibb, 1995) |
| Xystreurys liolepis | 69.5 | 31.4 | 33.5 | 16.5 | (Gibb, 1996) |
| Pleuronectes platessa | 103.5 | N/A | N/A | 17.4†(SL) | (Bels and Davenport, 1996) |
| Limanda limanda | 293.6 | N/A | N/A | 15†(SL) | (Bels and Davenport, 1996) |
| Scaphirhynchus albus | 180 | 76 | N/A | 37.3 | (Carroll and Wainwright, 2003) |
| Choerodon anchorago | 168.2 | 101.5 | 23.2 | 19 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Coris gaimard | 83.2 | 41.1 | 23.3 | 19.8 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Hologymnosus doliatus | 60.3 | 28.4 | 16.7 | 19.8 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Novaculichthys taeniourus | 64.4 | 32.2 | 36.4 | 15.4 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Oxycheilinus digrammus | 68.3 | 35.7 | 23.8 | 18 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Lepomis macrochirus | 51 | 29.4 | 30.8 | 14.6 | (Gillis and Lauder, 1995) |
| Pomacanthus semicirculatus | 345 | 300 | N/A | 24.7 | (Konow and Bellwood, 2005) |
| Hippocampus erectus | N/A | 4.9 | N/A | 6.05 | (Bergert and Wainwright, 1997) |
| Syngnathus floridae | N/A | 6.8 | N/A | 16.2 | (Bergert and Wainwright, 1997) |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | N/A | 47.2 | 31.1 | 15.9 | (Sanford, 2001) |
| Osteoglossum bicirrhosum | N/A | 69.9 | 29.3 | 14.5 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Pantodon buchholzi | N/A | 28.8 | 18.7 | 6.1 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Notopterus chitala | N/A | 64.4 | 10 | 26.8 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Clariallabes longicauda | 196 | N/A | 58 | 3.8 (CRL) | (Van Wassenbergh et al., 2004) |
| Clarias gariepinus | 225 | 75 | 33.1 | 4.9 (CRL) | (Van Wassenbergh et al., 2004) |
| Acanthurus nigrofuscus | 184 | N/A | 112.8 | 10.7†(SL) | (Purcell and Bellwood, 1993) |
| Ctenochaetus striatus | 233 | N/A | 177.6 | 15.2 (SL) | (Purcell and Bellwood, 1993) |
| Epibulus insidiator | 111.3 | N/A | N/A | 13.8 | (Westneat and Wainwright,1989) |
| Tetrapods | |||||
| Chelodina longicollis | 110 | N/A | N/A | 16.5 (CL) | (Van Damme and Aerts, 1997) |
| Chelydra serpentina | 88.3 | 46.3 | 31.9 | 14.2 (CL) | (Lauder and Prendergast, 1992) |
| Tupinambis teguixin | 542 | 429 | 19 | 32.8 | (Elias et al., 2000) |
| Varanus exanthematicus | 412 | 302.5 | 16.5 | 24.4 | (Elias et al., 2000) |
| Caiman crocodilus | 300 | N/A | 46 | 47.5 | (Cleuren and Devree, 1992) |
| Ambystoma mexicanum | 69.7 | 33.8 | N/A | 9.1 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Ambystoma dumerilii | 88 | 46.7 | N/A | 14 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Ambystoma ordinarium | 73 | 38 | N/A | 8.3 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Tetrapods | |||||
| Phelsuma madagascariensis | 180 | 140 | 39.3 | 10.8 | (Delheusy and Bels, 1999) |
| Oplurus cuvieri | 500 | 450 | 33.1 | 11.7 | (Delheusy and Bels, 1992) |
| Cryptobranchus allegheniensis | 53.3 | 30 | N/A | 30.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Dicamptodon tenebrosus | 54.4 | 29 | N/A | 18.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Ambystoma mexicanum | 59 | 26.4 | N/A | 18.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Amphiuma means | 72 | 31.5 | N/A | 40.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Necturus maculosus | 51 | 23 | N/A | 21.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Siren intermedia | 61 | 29 | N/A | 25.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Agama stellio | 374 | 45 | 42 | 20 | (Herrel et al., 1995) |
| Uromastix acanthinurus | 640.5 | 427.5 | 29.8 | 16.2 | (Herrel and De Vree, 1999) |
| Moloch horridus | 116 | 65 | 47.2 | 9.4 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Pogona vitticeps | 307 | 269 | 29.5 | 7.4 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Phyrnosoma platyrhinos | 263 | 235 | 50.9 | 7.6 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Uma notata | 200 | 179 | 24.1 | 9.1 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Agkistrodon piscivorus | N/A | 65 | 69.9 | 55.8 | (Vincent et al., 2005) |
| Terrapene carolina | N/A | 420 | N/A | 11.8 | (Summers et al., 1998) |
| Tursiops truncatus | 863 | 564 | 25 | 278.5 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Kogia breviceps | 447 | 282§ | 40§ | 203 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Kogia sima | 482 | 282§ | 40§ | 160 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Pachymedusa dacnicolor | 120* | 49* | 119* | N/A | (Gray and Nishikawa, 1995) |
| Rana caesbeiana (tadpole) | 125* | 47.5* | 150* | 6.8 | (Wassersug and Yamashita,2001) |
| Salamandra salamandra (stage 1) | 39.8 | 18 | 35 | 1.6 (SVL) | (Reilly, 1995) |
| Salamandra salamandra (stage 2) | 40.3 | 17.1 | 32.3 | 2.8 (SVL) | (Reilly, 1995) |
| Hyla cinerea | 152 | 57 | 79 | 4.1†(SVL) | (Deban and Nishikawa, 1992) |
| Tylototriton verrucosus | 159.3 | 100.4 | 44.8 | 8.2†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Pleurodeles waltl | 220 | 147.3 | 53.3 | 5.5†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Cynops pyrrhogaster | 161.7 | 110.4 | 71.9 | 4.8†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Paramesotriton hongkongensis | 237.5 | 190.7 | 51.7 | 7.1 (SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Pachytriton brevipes | 79.4 | 25 | 87 | 5.8 (SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Salamandra salamandra | 100.2 | 61.1 | 58.9 | 8.4†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Salamandra terdigitata | 203.6 | 120 | 51.5 | 3.6†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Tiliqua scincoides | 317.3* | 199.6* | 20.5* | 27.1 (SVL) | (Smith et al., 1999) |
| Species . | GCT (ms) . | TMG (ms) . | GA (degrees) . | Length (cm) . | Source . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hagfishes | |||||
| Eptatretus stoutii | 986 | 331 | 175 | 31.7 | Present study |
| Myxine glutinosa | 993 | 354 | 178 | 36.3 | Present study |
| Cartilaginous fishes | |||||
| Carcharhinus perezi | 383 | 120 | N/A | N/A | (Motta and Wilga, 2001) |
| Ginglymostoma cirratum | 100 | 32 | N/A | 78 | (Motta et al., 2002) |
| Carcharodon carcharias | 443 | 140 | N/A | 350 | (Tricas and McCosker, 1984) |
| Cephaloscyllium ventriosum | N/A | 327* | 84.6* | 30 | (Ferry-Graham, 1997) |
| Heterodontus francisci | 131* | 54.2* | N/A | 62.5 | (Edmonds et al., 2001) |
| Negaprion brevirostris | 309 | 81 | N/A | 72.3† | (Motta et al., 1997) |
| Rhinobatos lentiginosus | 274‡ | 133‡ | N/A | 57 | (Wilga and Motta, 1998b) |
| Squalus acanthias | 280 | 100 | N/A | 55.5 | (Wilga and Motta, 1998a) |
| Sphyrna tiburo | 186 | 103 | 33 | 60.7 | (Wilga and Motta, 2000) |
| Triakis semifasciata | 165 | 97.5 | 82.6 | 38.1 | (Ferry-Graham, 1998) |
| Narcine brasiliensis | 58 | N/A | N/A | 20.0 | (Dean and Motta, 2004) |
| Rhinoptera bonasus | 233 | N/A | 77 | 55.0 (DW) | (Sasko et al., 2006) |
| Bony fishes | |||||
| Antennarius hispidus | N/A | 6.3 | N/A | 9.8 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Antennarius striatus | N/A | 6.2 | N/A | 8.2 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Antennarius maculatus | N/A | 6.7 | N/A | 6.3 | (Grobecker and Pietsch, 1979) |
| Micropterus salmoides | 89 | N/A | N/A | 20.6 | (Richard and Wainwright, 1995) |
| Pleuronichthys verticalis | 39 | 20.0 | 33.8 | 17 | (Gibb, 1995) |
| Xystreurys liolepis | 69.5 | 31.4 | 33.5 | 16.5 | (Gibb, 1996) |
| Pleuronectes platessa | 103.5 | N/A | N/A | 17.4†(SL) | (Bels and Davenport, 1996) |
| Limanda limanda | 293.6 | N/A | N/A | 15†(SL) | (Bels and Davenport, 1996) |
| Scaphirhynchus albus | 180 | 76 | N/A | 37.3 | (Carroll and Wainwright, 2003) |
| Choerodon anchorago | 168.2 | 101.5 | 23.2 | 19 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Coris gaimard | 83.2 | 41.1 | 23.3 | 19.8 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Hologymnosus doliatus | 60.3 | 28.4 | 16.7 | 19.8 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Novaculichthys taeniourus | 64.4 | 32.2 | 36.4 | 15.4 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Oxycheilinus digrammus | 68.3 | 35.7 | 23.8 | 18 | (Ferry-Graham et al., 2002) |
| Lepomis macrochirus | 51 | 29.4 | 30.8 | 14.6 | (Gillis and Lauder, 1995) |
| Pomacanthus semicirculatus | 345 | 300 | N/A | 24.7 | (Konow and Bellwood, 2005) |
| Hippocampus erectus | N/A | 4.9 | N/A | 6.05 | (Bergert and Wainwright, 1997) |
| Syngnathus floridae | N/A | 6.8 | N/A | 16.2 | (Bergert and Wainwright, 1997) |
| Salvelinus fontinalis | N/A | 47.2 | 31.1 | 15.9 | (Sanford, 2001) |
| Osteoglossum bicirrhosum | N/A | 69.9 | 29.3 | 14.5 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Pantodon buchholzi | N/A | 28.8 | 18.7 | 6.1 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Notopterus chitala | N/A | 64.4 | 10 | 26.8 | (Sanford and Lauder, 1990) |
| Clariallabes longicauda | 196 | N/A | 58 | 3.8 (CRL) | (Van Wassenbergh et al., 2004) |
| Clarias gariepinus | 225 | 75 | 33.1 | 4.9 (CRL) | (Van Wassenbergh et al., 2004) |
| Acanthurus nigrofuscus | 184 | N/A | 112.8 | 10.7†(SL) | (Purcell and Bellwood, 1993) |
| Ctenochaetus striatus | 233 | N/A | 177.6 | 15.2 (SL) | (Purcell and Bellwood, 1993) |
| Epibulus insidiator | 111.3 | N/A | N/A | 13.8 | (Westneat and Wainwright,1989) |
| Tetrapods | |||||
| Chelodina longicollis | 110 | N/A | N/A | 16.5 (CL) | (Van Damme and Aerts, 1997) |
| Chelydra serpentina | 88.3 | 46.3 | 31.9 | 14.2 (CL) | (Lauder and Prendergast, 1992) |
| Tupinambis teguixin | 542 | 429 | 19 | 32.8 | (Elias et al., 2000) |
| Varanus exanthematicus | 412 | 302.5 | 16.5 | 24.4 | (Elias et al., 2000) |
| Caiman crocodilus | 300 | N/A | 46 | 47.5 | (Cleuren and Devree, 1992) |
| Ambystoma mexicanum | 69.7 | 33.8 | N/A | 9.1 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Ambystoma dumerilii | 88 | 46.7 | N/A | 14 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Ambystoma ordinarium | 73 | 38 | N/A | 8.3 | (Shaffer and Lauder, 1985) |
| Tetrapods | |||||
| Phelsuma madagascariensis | 180 | 140 | 39.3 | 10.8 | (Delheusy and Bels, 1999) |
| Oplurus cuvieri | 500 | 450 | 33.1 | 11.7 | (Delheusy and Bels, 1992) |
| Cryptobranchus allegheniensis | 53.3 | 30 | N/A | 30.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Dicamptodon tenebrosus | 54.4 | 29 | N/A | 18.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Ambystoma mexicanum | 59 | 26.4 | N/A | 18.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Amphiuma means | 72 | 31.5 | N/A | 40.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Necturus maculosus | 51 | 23 | N/A | 21.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Siren intermedia | 61 | 29 | N/A | 25.0 | (Reilly and Lauder, 1992) |
| Agama stellio | 374 | 45 | 42 | 20 | (Herrel et al., 1995) |
| Uromastix acanthinurus | 640.5 | 427.5 | 29.8 | 16.2 | (Herrel and De Vree, 1999) |
| Moloch horridus | 116 | 65 | 47.2 | 9.4 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Pogona vitticeps | 307 | 269 | 29.5 | 7.4 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Phyrnosoma platyrhinos | 263 | 235 | 50.9 | 7.6 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Uma notata | 200 | 179 | 24.1 | 9.1 | (Meyers and Herrel, 2005) |
| Agkistrodon piscivorus | N/A | 65 | 69.9 | 55.8 | (Vincent et al., 2005) |
| Terrapene carolina | N/A | 420 | N/A | 11.8 | (Summers et al., 1998) |
| Tursiops truncatus | 863 | 564 | 25 | 278.5 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Kogia breviceps | 447 | 282§ | 40§ | 203 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Kogia sima | 482 | 282§ | 40§ | 160 | (Bloodworth and Marshall, 2005) |
| Pachymedusa dacnicolor | 120* | 49* | 119* | N/A | (Gray and Nishikawa, 1995) |
| Rana caesbeiana (tadpole) | 125* | 47.5* | 150* | 6.8 | (Wassersug and Yamashita,2001) |
| Salamandra salamandra (stage 1) | 39.8 | 18 | 35 | 1.6 (SVL) | (Reilly, 1995) |
| Salamandra salamandra (stage 2) | 40.3 | 17.1 | 32.3 | 2.8 (SVL) | (Reilly, 1995) |
| Hyla cinerea | 152 | 57 | 79 | 4.1†(SVL) | (Deban and Nishikawa, 1992) |
| Tylototriton verrucosus | 159.3 | 100.4 | 44.8 | 8.2†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Pleurodeles waltl | 220 | 147.3 | 53.3 | 5.5†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Cynops pyrrhogaster | 161.7 | 110.4 | 71.9 | 4.8†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Paramesotriton hongkongensis | 237.5 | 190.7 | 51.7 | 7.1 (SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Pachytriton brevipes | 79.4 | 25 | 87 | 5.8 (SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Salamandra salamandra | 100.2 | 61.1 | 58.9 | 8.4†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Salamandra terdigitata | 203.6 | 120 | 51.5 | 3.6†(SVL) | (Miller and Larsen, 1990) |
| Tiliqua scincoides | 317.3* | 199.6* | 20.5* | 27.1 (SVL) | (Smith et al., 1999) |
DW, disc width; CRL, cranial length; SL,standard length; CL, carapace length; SVL, snout–vent length
Mean from different food types (size, prey species, etc.) and different feeding behaviors (drop, miss, etc.)
Mean length calculated of maximum and minimum lengths
Ingestion/capture phase only
Pooled from both species of Kogia