Problems caused by desiccation and mechanisms of desiccation tolerance
| Problem . | Mechanism . | Selected references . |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical damage due to shrinkage | In plants, changes in cell wall composition that increase flexibility | (Jones and McQueen-Mason,2004; Vicre et al.,2004b) |
| In plants, folding cell walls | (Vander Willigen et al.,2004) | |
| In plants, replacement of water in vacuoles by non-aqueous compounds and fragmentation of vacuoles | (Farrant, 2000; Vicre et al., 2004a) | |
| Physiological damage at low intermediate water contents | Upregulation of proteins that increase membrane permeability | (Smith-Espinoza et al., 2003; Vander Willigen et al., 2004) |
| Disintegration of membranes and aggregation of macromolecules during drying,coalescence of lipid bodies and membrane leakage upon rehydration | Accumulation of sugars, especially non-reducing disaccharides, that stabilize molecules, depress temperature (Tm) of membrane phase change from liquid crystal to gel, and form glasses with high melting temperature (Tg) | (Wingler, 2002; Bernacchia and Furini, 2004; Buitink and Leprince, 2004; Crowe et al., 2005) |
| LEA proteins, which act as molecular chaperones and interact with sugars to form glasses | (Wise and Tunnacliffe, 2004; Goyal et al., 2005a; Oliver et al., 2005) | |
| Partitioning of amphiphiles into membranes | (Hoekstra and Golovina, 2002; Oliver et al., 2002) | |
| Small stress proteins, which may act as chaperones or repair damage upon rehydration | (Collins and Clegg, 2004; Crowe et al., 2005; Potts et al., 2005) | |
| Changes in lipid composition that stabilize membranes, such as increases in phospholipids, degree of saturation, and free sterols | (Quartacci et al., 2002; Hoekstra, 2005) | |
| In seeds, oleosins | (Murphy, et al., 2001) | |
| Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) | Synthesis of antioxidants during drying, maintenance of pools of reduced antioxidants and ROS-scavenging enzymes | (Shirkey et al., 2000; Augusti et al., 2001; Espindola et al., 2003; Kranner and Birtic, 2005) |
| In plants, downregulation of photosynthesis early in drying | (Jensen et al., 1999; Deng et al., 2003; Hirai et al., 2004; Illing et al., 2005) | |
| In plants, folding of leaves | (Farrant et al., 2003) | |
| Programmed chlorophyll loss | (Tuba et al., 1996) | |
| Triggering of cell death by oxidized glutathione | Rapid reduction of glutathione upon rehydration | (Kranner and Birtic, 2005) |
| In plants, disintegration of the photosynthetic apparatus | Modification of proteins in PSII | (Peeva and Maslenkova, 2004) |
| Accumulation of damage from UV and gamma radiation and from Maillard and Fenton reactions while dry | UV-absorbing pigments | (Potts, 1996) |
| DNA repair | (Wilson et al., 2004) | |
| DNA protection | (Potts et al., 2005) | |
| In plants, cavitation of xylem | Height <3 m, low hydraulic conductivity | (Sherwin et al., 1998) |
| Drying too fast for induction of tolerance mechanisms | In animals, contraction, construction of larval tube by Polypedilum | (Kikawada et al., 2005) |
| In plants, signaling for induction of tolerance mechanisms via ABA | (Beckett et al., 2000; Bartels and Salamini, 2001) |
| Problem . | Mechanism . | Selected references . |
|---|---|---|
| Mechanical damage due to shrinkage | In plants, changes in cell wall composition that increase flexibility | (Jones and McQueen-Mason,2004; Vicre et al.,2004b) |
| In plants, folding cell walls | (Vander Willigen et al.,2004) | |
| In plants, replacement of water in vacuoles by non-aqueous compounds and fragmentation of vacuoles | (Farrant, 2000; Vicre et al., 2004a) | |
| Physiological damage at low intermediate water contents | Upregulation of proteins that increase membrane permeability | (Smith-Espinoza et al., 2003; Vander Willigen et al., 2004) |
| Disintegration of membranes and aggregation of macromolecules during drying,coalescence of lipid bodies and membrane leakage upon rehydration | Accumulation of sugars, especially non-reducing disaccharides, that stabilize molecules, depress temperature (Tm) of membrane phase change from liquid crystal to gel, and form glasses with high melting temperature (Tg) | (Wingler, 2002; Bernacchia and Furini, 2004; Buitink and Leprince, 2004; Crowe et al., 2005) |
| LEA proteins, which act as molecular chaperones and interact with sugars to form glasses | (Wise and Tunnacliffe, 2004; Goyal et al., 2005a; Oliver et al., 2005) | |
| Partitioning of amphiphiles into membranes | (Hoekstra and Golovina, 2002; Oliver et al., 2002) | |
| Small stress proteins, which may act as chaperones or repair damage upon rehydration | (Collins and Clegg, 2004; Crowe et al., 2005; Potts et al., 2005) | |
| Changes in lipid composition that stabilize membranes, such as increases in phospholipids, degree of saturation, and free sterols | (Quartacci et al., 2002; Hoekstra, 2005) | |
| In seeds, oleosins | (Murphy, et al., 2001) | |
| Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) | Synthesis of antioxidants during drying, maintenance of pools of reduced antioxidants and ROS-scavenging enzymes | (Shirkey et al., 2000; Augusti et al., 2001; Espindola et al., 2003; Kranner and Birtic, 2005) |
| In plants, downregulation of photosynthesis early in drying | (Jensen et al., 1999; Deng et al., 2003; Hirai et al., 2004; Illing et al., 2005) | |
| In plants, folding of leaves | (Farrant et al., 2003) | |
| Programmed chlorophyll loss | (Tuba et al., 1996) | |
| Triggering of cell death by oxidized glutathione | Rapid reduction of glutathione upon rehydration | (Kranner and Birtic, 2005) |
| In plants, disintegration of the photosynthetic apparatus | Modification of proteins in PSII | (Peeva and Maslenkova, 2004) |
| Accumulation of damage from UV and gamma radiation and from Maillard and Fenton reactions while dry | UV-absorbing pigments | (Potts, 1996) |
| DNA repair | (Wilson et al., 2004) | |
| DNA protection | (Potts et al., 2005) | |
| In plants, cavitation of xylem | Height <3 m, low hydraulic conductivity | (Sherwin et al., 1998) |
| Drying too fast for induction of tolerance mechanisms | In animals, contraction, construction of larval tube by Polypedilum | (Kikawada et al., 2005) |
| In plants, signaling for induction of tolerance mechanisms via ABA | (Beckett et al., 2000; Bartels and Salamini, 2001) |