The Company of Biologists

Table 1.

Age class comparisons of body length and mass, swim performance and swim effort

					Speed (m s⁻¹)			Size-specific speed (L s⁻¹)
Age ID	Age (years)	L (m)	Mass (kg)	Trial (N)	Mean	Max.	Mean	Max.	A (m)	Size-specific A (%L)	Normalized f (strokes m⁻¹)	Distance per stroke (m stroke⁻¹)
Newborn	0.05±0.002	1.23±0.03^b-i	27.8±2.6^c-i	164	1.43±0.04^c-i	2.91±0.64^d-i	1.19±0.03^c-i	2.31±0.46	0.27±0.01^c-i	23±0.4^d-i	1.35±0.03^c-i	0.80±0.02^c-i
3 months	0.22±0.01	1.39±0.01^a,c-i	44.5±43^d-i	43	1.86±0.09^d-i	2.84±0.28^d-i	1.33±0.07^d-h	2.03±0.18	0.35±0.01^c-i	25±1	1.07±0.04^d-i	0.98±0.03^d-i
6 months	0.53±0.01	1.68±0.01^a,b,d-i	66.9±0.9^a,f-i	26	2.85±0.10^a,e-i	3.73±0.36ⁱ	1.69±0.06^a	2.22±0.22	0.44±0.02^a,b,e-i	26±1	0.68±0.01^a,f-i	1.48±0.03^a,f-i
10 months	0.88±0.003	1.85±0.02^a-c,e-i	79.4±0.5^a,b,f-i	90	3.29±0.06^a,b,e-i	4.51±0.22^a,b	1.78±0.03^a,b	2.44±0.11	0.55±0.01^a,b,i	30±0.3^a	0.66±0.01^a,b,f-i	1.53±0.01^a,b,f-i
Yearling	1.09±0.003	2.00±0.01^a-d,g-i	92.7±1.5^a,b,i	75	3.81±0.07^a-d	5.00±0.15^a,b	1.91±0.04^a,b	2.51±0.07	0.59±0.01^a-c,i	30±0.4^a	0.57±0.01^a,b	1.77±0.03^a,b
1.5 year old	1.53±0.002	2.07±0.01^a-d,h,i	114.1±1.2^a-d,i	120	3.80±0.05^a-d	4.76±0.08^a,b	1.83±0.02^a,b	2.30±0.05	0.60±0.01^a-c,i	29±0.3^a	0.54±0.01^a-d	1.89±0.02^a-d
2 year old	2.02±0.003	2.16±0.02^a-e,i	116.1±0.5^a-d,i	104	4.15±0.06^a-d	5.51±0.21^a,b	1.93±0.03^a,b	2.55±0.08	0.64±0.01^a-c,i	30±0.4^a	0.50±0.01^a-d	2.02±0.02^a-d
Juvenile	4.0±1.0	2.28±0.04^a-f,i	127.4^a-d	10	4.39±0.15^a-d	5.00±0.23^a,b	1.94±0.07^a,b	2.20±0.14	0.67±0.05^a-c	30±2^a	0.48±0.02^a-d	2.13±0.07^a-d
Adult	-	2.46±0.04^a-h	152.6±9.3^a-g	168	3.88±0.09^a-d	5.61±0.26^a-c	1.58±0.04^a	2.28±0.13	0.72±0.01^a-g	29±0.4^a	0.48±0.01^a-d	2.16±0.02^a-d

					Speed (m s⁻¹)			Size-specific speed (L s⁻¹)
Age ID	Age (years)	L (m)	Mass (kg)	Trial (N)	Mean	Max.	Mean	Max.	A (m)	Size-specific A (%L)	Normalized f (strokes m⁻¹)	Distance per stroke (m stroke⁻¹)
Newborn	0.05±0.002	1.23±0.03^b-i	27.8±2.6^c-i	164	1.43±0.04^c-i	2.91±0.64^d-i	1.19±0.03^c-i	2.31±0.46	0.27±0.01^c-i	23±0.4^d-i	1.35±0.03^c-i	0.80±0.02^c-i
3 months	0.22±0.01	1.39±0.01^a,c-i	44.5±43^d-i	43	1.86±0.09^d-i	2.84±0.28^d-i	1.33±0.07^d-h	2.03±0.18	0.35±0.01^c-i	25±1	1.07±0.04^d-i	0.98±0.03^d-i
6 months	0.53±0.01	1.68±0.01^a,b,d-i	66.9±0.9^a,f-i	26	2.85±0.10^a,e-i	3.73±0.36ⁱ	1.69±0.06^a	2.22±0.22	0.44±0.02^a,b,e-i	26±1	0.68±0.01^a,f-i	1.48±0.03^a,f-i
10 months	0.88±0.003	1.85±0.02^a-c,e-i	79.4±0.5^a,b,f-i	90	3.29±0.06^a,b,e-i	4.51±0.22^a,b	1.78±0.03^a,b	2.44±0.11	0.55±0.01^a,b,i	30±0.3^a	0.66±0.01^a,b,f-i	1.53±0.01^a,b,f-i
Yearling	1.09±0.003	2.00±0.01^a-d,g-i	92.7±1.5^a,b,i	75	3.81±0.07^a-d	5.00±0.15^a,b	1.91±0.04^a,b	2.51±0.07	0.59±0.01^a-c,i	30±0.4^a	0.57±0.01^a,b	1.77±0.03^a,b
1.5 year old	1.53±0.002	2.07±0.01^a-d,h,i	114.1±1.2^a-d,i	120	3.80±0.05^a-d	4.76±0.08^a,b	1.83±0.02^a,b	2.30±0.05	0.60±0.01^a-c,i	29±0.3^a	0.54±0.01^a-d	1.89±0.02^a-d
2 year old	2.02±0.003	2.16±0.02^a-e,i	116.1±0.5^a-d,i	104	4.15±0.06^a-d	5.51±0.21^a,b	1.93±0.03^a,b	2.55±0.08	0.64±0.01^a-c,i	30±0.4^a	0.50±0.01^a-d	2.02±0.02^a-d
Juvenile	4.0±1.0	2.28±0.04^a-f,i	127.4^a-d	10	4.39±0.15^a-d	5.00±0.23^a,b	1.94±0.07^a,b	2.20±0.14	0.67±0.05^a-c	30±2^a	0.48±0.02^a-d	2.13±0.07^a-d
Adult	-	2.46±0.04^a-h	152.6±9.3^a-g	168	3.88±0.09^a-d	5.61±0.26^a-c	1.58±0.04^a	2.28±0.13	0.72±0.01^a-g	29±0.4^a	0.48±0.01^a-d	2.16±0.02^a-d

L, body length; swim effort=fluke stroke amplitude (A)and tail beat frequency (f).

Number of animals studied within each age category was three, except for two year old (N=2), juvenile (N=2) and adult (N=4). Superscript letters show values different to newborn (a), 3 month old (b), 6 month old (c), 10 month old (d), yearling (e), 1.5 year old (f), 2 year old(g), juvenile (h) and adult (i) according to all pairwise comparisons across age groups at P<0.05.

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