Limb kinematic parameters during stance phase
| Kinematic parameter . | Limb . | Level . | Incline . | Decline . | Substrate differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height (cm) | |||||
| Shoulder, TD | FL | 2.59±0.09* | 2.28±0.08* | 2.40±0.09* | L>U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, TD | HL | 3.76±0.10 | 3.81±0.13 | 3.21±0.10 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Shoulder, MS | FL | 2.17±0.09* | 2.02±0.07* | 2.14±0.08* | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, MS | HL | 3.44±0.09 | 3.30±0.11 | 2.82±0.09 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Shoulder, LO | FL | 2.49±0.09* | 2.18±0.08* | 2.38±0.08* | L>U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, LO | HL | 3.62±0.09 | 3.66±0.12 | 3.12±0.10 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Angle (degrees) | |||||
| Craniocaudal, TD | FL | 101.4±2.0* | 107.5±1.7 | 114.8±1.8 | L<U, L<D, U=D |
| Craniocaudal, TD | HL | 105.9±1.7 | 111.7±2.7 | 113.7±2.2 | L<U, L<D, U=D |
| Craniocaudal, MS | FL | 61.9±2.1 | 68.8±1.2 | 73.0±2.0 | L<U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, MS | HL | 60.2±1.8 | 67.6±3.1 | 77.1±2.2 | L<U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, LO | FL | 27.0±1.2* | 29.6±0.8* | 33.5±1.8* | L=U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, LO | HL | 41.0±1.3 | 40.7±1.7 | 50.2±1.4 | L=U, L<D, U<D |
| Mediolateral, TD | FL | 84.3±1.8* | 78.9±1.7* | 81.9±1.2* | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, TD | HL | 75.6±2.0 | 74.9±2.7 | 68.9±1.9 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, MS | FL | 83.3±1.8 | 83.0±1.2 | 82.0±1.0 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, MS | HL | 83.5±1.5 | 82.5±1.9 | 77.5±1.6 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, LO | FL | 84.5±1.7 | 85.4±0.9 | 85.6±1.0 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, LO | HL | 81.1±2.0 | 84.4±0.8 | 83.6±1.5 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Kinematic parameter . | Limb . | Level . | Incline . | Decline . | Substrate differences . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Height (cm) | |||||
| Shoulder, TD | FL | 2.59±0.09* | 2.28±0.08* | 2.40±0.09* | L>U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, TD | HL | 3.76±0.10 | 3.81±0.13 | 3.21±0.10 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Shoulder, MS | FL | 2.17±0.09* | 2.02±0.07* | 2.14±0.08* | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, MS | HL | 3.44±0.09 | 3.30±0.11 | 2.82±0.09 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Shoulder, LO | FL | 2.49±0.09* | 2.18±0.08* | 2.38±0.08* | L>U, L=D, U=D |
| Hip, LO | HL | 3.62±0.09 | 3.66±0.12 | 3.12±0.10 | L=U, L>D, U>D |
| Angle (degrees) | |||||
| Craniocaudal, TD | FL | 101.4±2.0* | 107.5±1.7 | 114.8±1.8 | L<U, L<D, U=D |
| Craniocaudal, TD | HL | 105.9±1.7 | 111.7±2.7 | 113.7±2.2 | L<U, L<D, U=D |
| Craniocaudal, MS | FL | 61.9±2.1 | 68.8±1.2 | 73.0±2.0 | L<U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, MS | HL | 60.2±1.8 | 67.6±3.1 | 77.1±2.2 | L<U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, LO | FL | 27.0±1.2* | 29.6±0.8* | 33.5±1.8* | L=U, L<D, U<D |
| Craniocaudal, LO | HL | 41.0±1.3 | 40.7±1.7 | 50.2±1.4 | L=U, L<D, U<D |
| Mediolateral, TD | FL | 84.3±1.8* | 78.9±1.7* | 81.9±1.2* | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, TD | HL | 75.6±2.0 | 74.9±2.7 | 68.9±1.9 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, MS | FL | 83.3±1.8 | 83.0±1.2 | 82.0±1.0 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, MS | HL | 83.5±1.5 | 82.5±1.9 | 77.5±1.6 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, LO | FL | 84.5±1.7 | 85.4±0.9 | 85.6±1.0 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
| Mediolateral, LO | HL | 81.1±2.0 | 84.4±0.8 | 83.6±1.5 | L=U, L=D, U=D |
Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=97).
TD, touchdown; MS, midstance; LO, lift-off; FL, forelimb; HL, hindlimb; L,level; U, incline; D, decline.
Significant difference between limb pairs on that substrate. >,significantly greater than; =, not significantly different; <,significantly less than, using the sequential Bonferroni correction(Rice, 1989).