The Company of Biologists

Table 4.

Results from Woolf's test for differences between (1) estimates ofV̇_O₂ of completed dive cycles(sV̇_O₂DC± s.e.e.) and (2) the net cost of diving(sV̇_O₂net± s.e.e.) at three different periods of the annual cycle

Sex	Dive duration range (s)	Season	sV̇_O₂DC(ml O₂ min^-1 kg^-1)	χ²	P	sV̇_O₂net (ml O₂ min^-1 kg^-1)	χ²	P
Female	41–50	Summer	40.6±2.1^λ,γ			15.8±2.0
		Mid-winter	29.2±2.2^λ			17.6±2.2
		Late-winter	28.9±2.4^γ	18.54	<0.0001	19.2±2.4	1.19	0.5518
	91–100	Summer	39.0±2.1^λ,γ			14.1±2.0
		Mid-winter	27.7±2.2^λ			16.1±2.2
		Late-winter	29.6±2.5^γ	15.55	0.0004	19.8±2.4	3.30	0.1920
	141–150	Summer	35.7±2.1			10.9±2.0^λ,γ
		Mid-winter	29.6±2.2			18.0±2.2^λ
		Late-winter	30.9±2.5	4.54	0.103	21.1±2.4^γ	11.60	0.0030
Male	41–50	Summer	44.2±1.5^λ,γ			16.9±2.0
		Mid-winter	32.2±1.5^λ			18.5±2.2
		Late-winter	28.3±1.7^γ	55.05	<0.0001	15.2±3.2	0.77	0.6807
	91–100	Summer	42.4±1.5^λ,γ			15.1±2.0
		Mid-winter	29.4±1.5^λ			15.7±2.2
		Late-winter	27.0±1.7^γ	57.31	<0.0001	13.9±3.2	0.21	0.9006
	141–150	Summer	38.7±1.4^λ,γ			11.5±2.0
		Mid-winter	30.8±1.5^λ			17.0±2.2
		Late-winter	26.5±1.7^γ	32.12	<0.0001	13.4±3.2	3.39	0.1838

Sex	Dive duration range (s)	Season	sV̇_O₂DC(ml O₂ min^-1 kg^-1)	χ²	P	sV̇_O₂net (ml O₂ min^-1 kg^-1)	χ²	P
Female	41–50	Summer	40.6±2.1^λ,γ			15.8±2.0
		Mid-winter	29.2±2.2^λ			17.6±2.2
		Late-winter	28.9±2.4^γ	18.54	<0.0001	19.2±2.4	1.19	0.5518
	91–100	Summer	39.0±2.1^λ,γ			14.1±2.0
		Mid-winter	27.7±2.2^λ			16.1±2.2
		Late-winter	29.6±2.5^γ	15.55	0.0004	19.8±2.4	3.30	0.1920
	141–150	Summer	35.7±2.1			10.9±2.0^λ,γ
		Mid-winter	29.6±2.2			18.0±2.2^λ
		Late-winter	30.9±2.5	4.54	0.103	21.1±2.4^γ	11.60	0.0030
Male	41–50	Summer	44.2±1.5^λ,γ			16.9±2.0
		Mid-winter	32.2±1.5^λ			18.5±2.2
		Late-winter	28.3±1.7^γ	55.05	<0.0001	15.2±3.2	0.77	0.6807
	91–100	Summer	42.4±1.5^λ,γ			15.1±2.0
		Mid-winter	29.4±1.5^λ			15.7±2.2
		Late-winter	27.0±1.7^γ	57.31	<0.0001	13.9±3.2	0.21	0.9006
	141–150	Summer	38.7±1.4^λ,γ			11.5±2.0
		Mid-winter	30.8±1.5^λ			17.0±2.2
		Late-winter	26.5±1.7^γ	32.12	<0.0001	13.4±3.2	3.39	0.1838

Tests were repeated at three ranges of dive duration in male and female macaroni penguins. Significant differences between pairs determined by Z-tests with Bonferroni corrections within each dive range are represented by the following symbols λ,γ,

\({\varphi}\)

⁠.

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