The Company of Biologists

Table 2.

Experimental values of l and d for non-gracile long bones (L/D<26) using data obtained from various sources

	Alexander			Bertram and Biewener			Christiansen
Bone	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma
Small mammals (M<50 kg)
Femur	0.398/0.404	0.369/0.371	0.372/0.384	0.380/0.392	0.327/0.342	0.344/0.362
Tibia	0.344/0.350	0.379/0.383	0.362/0.376	0.388/0.403	0.343/0.364	0.373/0.387
Humerus	0.393/0.399	0.382/0.384	0.382/0.395	0.391/0.405	0.321/0.351	0.386/0.401
Radius	-	-	0.397/0.419	0.394/0.414	0.364/0.407	0.453/0.481
Ulna	0.383/0.389	-	-	-	0.288/0.336	0.371/0.406
Average 2	0.378/0.384	0.377/0.379	0.378/0.394	0.388/0.404	0.339/0.366	0.389/0.408
Large mammals (M>50 kg)
Femur	0.325/0.385	0.315/0.329	0.284/0.326	0.308/0.344	0.280/0.310	0.354/0.367
Tibia	0.198/0.248	0.304/0.334	0.142/0.207	0.315/0.358	0.203/0.279	0.338/0.356
Humerus	0.323/0.371	0.365/0.381	0.286/0.327	0.320/0.358	0.288/0.323	0.359/0.370
Radius	-	-	0.225/0.297	0.430/0.473	0.275/0.346	0.311/0.362
Ulna	0.282/0.319	-	-	-	0.255/0.290	0.405/0.431
Average 2	0.282/0.335	0.328/0.348	0.234/0.289	0.343/0.383	0.262/0.311	0.341/0.364

	Alexander			Bertram and Biewener			Christiansen
Bone	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma	l_lsr/l_rma	d_lsr/d_rma
Small mammals (M<50 kg)
Femur	0.398/0.404	0.369/0.371	0.372/0.384	0.380/0.392	0.327/0.342	0.344/0.362
Tibia	0.344/0.350	0.379/0.383	0.362/0.376	0.388/0.403	0.343/0.364	0.373/0.387
Humerus	0.393/0.399	0.382/0.384	0.382/0.395	0.391/0.405	0.321/0.351	0.386/0.401
Radius	-	-	0.397/0.419	0.394/0.414	0.364/0.407	0.453/0.481
Ulna	0.383/0.389	-	-	-	0.288/0.336	0.371/0.406
Average 2	0.378/0.384	0.377/0.379	0.378/0.394	0.388/0.404	0.339/0.366	0.389/0.408
Large mammals (M>50 kg)
Femur	0.325/0.385	0.315/0.329	0.284/0.326	0.308/0.344	0.280/0.310	0.354/0.367
Tibia	0.198/0.248	0.304/0.334	0.142/0.207	0.315/0.358	0.203/0.279	0.338/0.356
Humerus	0.323/0.371	0.365/0.381	0.286/0.327	0.320/0.358	0.288/0.323	0.359/0.370
Radius	-	-	0.225/0.297	0.430/0.473	0.275/0.346	0.311/0.362
Ulna	0.282/0.319	-	-	-	0.255/0.290	0.405/0.431
Average 2	0.282/0.335	0.328/0.348	0.234/0.289	0.343/0.383	0.262/0.311	0.341/0.364

Data was taken from Alexander et al.(1979b), Biewener(1983a), Bertram and Biewener(1992) and Christiansen(1999a, b).

Mammals are considered small or large relative to M=50 kg, as proposed by Christiansen(1999b).

Average 2 is the mean defined in Table 1.