Mean metabolic rates and flight costs with added mass loading
| Added mass . | Flight metabolism (ml O2 min-1) . | Flight cost (W) . |
|---|---|---|
| None | 49.6±4.2 | 16.69±1.8 |
| 5% dorsal | 50.4±3.9 | 16.96±0.7 |
| 10% dorsal | 50.6±3.6 | 17.02±1.4 |
| 10% ventral | 49.4±2.7 | 16.64±0.8 |
| 15% dorsal | 51.2±4.1 | 17.22±1.3 |
| 20% dorsal | 52.4±3.0 | 17.65±1.4 |
| Added mass . | Flight metabolism (ml O2 min-1) . | Flight cost (W) . |
|---|---|---|
| None | 49.6±4.2 | 16.69±1.8 |
| 5% dorsal | 50.4±3.9 | 16.96±0.7 |
| 10% dorsal | 50.6±3.6 | 17.02±1.4 |
| 10% ventral | 49.4±2.7 | 16.64±0.8 |
| 15% dorsal | 51.2±4.1 | 17.22±1.3 |
| 20% dorsal | 52.4±3.0 | 17.65±1.4 |
None, pre-manipulation.
Values are means ± s.e.m. (N=70 flights across 5 individuals).
There was no significant increase in flight cost with the addition of artificial masses between 5 and 20% of body mass (GLM; F4,65=0.11, P=0.98).