Stride parameters and forces as a function of speed and incline
| . | Level . | . | Incline . | . | RM-ANOVA . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | 3.5 m s-1 . | Slope . | 3.5 m s-1 . | Slope . | 3.5 . | Slope . | |||
| logtc (S) | |||||||||
| Fore | 0.276 (0.008) | -0.75 (0.04)* | 0.285 (0.008) | -0.75 (0.04)* | a | a,b | |||
| Hind | 0.249 (0.006) | -0.56 (0.03)* | 0.264 (0.006) | -0.66 (0.03)* | |||||
| logDF | |||||||||
| Fore | 0.41 (0.01) | -0.38 (0.04)* | 0.42 (0.01) | -0.43 (0.04)* | a | a,b | |||
| Hind | 0.37 (0.01) | -0.21 (0.02)* | 0.38 (0.01) | -0.30 (0.02)* | |||||
| Fz,peak (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 11.31 (0.14) | 1.14 (0.10)* | 10.04 (0.14) | 1.12 (0.10)* | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 9.50 (0.21) | 0.05 (0.13) | 9.73 (0.21) | 0.27 (0.13)* | |||||
| logImpz (Ns kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 1.82 (0.03) | -0.32 (0.03)* | 1.72 (0.03) | -0.35 (0.03)* | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 1.37 (0.04) | -0.42 (0.05)* | 1.58 (0.04) | -0.51 (0.05)* | |||||
| Load (%) | |||||||||
| Fore | 56.99 (0.64) | 0.08 (0.06) | 52.28 (0.64) | 0.06 (0.06) | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 43.01 (0.60) | -0.09 (0.05) | 47.72 (0.60) | -0.19 (0.05)* | |||||
| Fbrake (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | -2.47 (0.15) | -0.57 (0.13)* | -1.92 (0.15) | -0.99 (0.13)* | c | ||||
| Hind | -1.97 (0.20) | -0.45 (0.19) | -2.83 (0.20) | -0.71 (0.19)* | |||||
| Fprop (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 1.10 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.05)* | 0.90 (0.07) | -0.06 (0.05) | a,c | b | |||
| Hind | 1.31 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.04)* | 1.61 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.04)* | |||||
| Imph (Ns kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | -0.02 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.009) | -0.07 (0.01) | -0.02 (0.009)* | a,c | ||||
| Hind | 0.05 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.003)* | 0.10 (0.01) | -0.004 (0.003) | |||||
| . | Level . | . | Incline . | . | RM-ANOVA . | . | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable . | 3.5 m s-1 . | Slope . | 3.5 m s-1 . | Slope . | 3.5 . | Slope . | |||
| logtc (S) | |||||||||
| Fore | 0.276 (0.008) | -0.75 (0.04)* | 0.285 (0.008) | -0.75 (0.04)* | a | a,b | |||
| Hind | 0.249 (0.006) | -0.56 (0.03)* | 0.264 (0.006) | -0.66 (0.03)* | |||||
| logDF | |||||||||
| Fore | 0.41 (0.01) | -0.38 (0.04)* | 0.42 (0.01) | -0.43 (0.04)* | a | a,b | |||
| Hind | 0.37 (0.01) | -0.21 (0.02)* | 0.38 (0.01) | -0.30 (0.02)* | |||||
| Fz,peak (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 11.31 (0.14) | 1.14 (0.10)* | 10.04 (0.14) | 1.12 (0.10)* | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 9.50 (0.21) | 0.05 (0.13) | 9.73 (0.21) | 0.27 (0.13)* | |||||
| logImpz (Ns kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 1.82 (0.03) | -0.32 (0.03)* | 1.72 (0.03) | -0.35 (0.03)* | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 1.37 (0.04) | -0.42 (0.05)* | 1.58 (0.04) | -0.51 (0.05)* | |||||
| Load (%) | |||||||||
| Fore | 56.99 (0.64) | 0.08 (0.06) | 52.28 (0.64) | 0.06 (0.06) | a,c | a | |||
| Hind | 43.01 (0.60) | -0.09 (0.05) | 47.72 (0.60) | -0.19 (0.05)* | |||||
| Fbrake (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | -2.47 (0.15) | -0.57 (0.13)* | -1.92 (0.15) | -0.99 (0.13)* | c | ||||
| Hind | -1.97 (0.20) | -0.45 (0.19) | -2.83 (0.20) | -0.71 (0.19)* | |||||
| Fprop (N kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | 1.10 (0.07) | 0.24 (0.05)* | 0.90 (0.07) | -0.06 (0.05) | a,c | b | |||
| Hind | 1.31 (0.17) | 0.25 (0.04)* | 1.61 (0.17) | 0.15 (0.04)* | |||||
| Imph (Ns kg-1) | |||||||||
| Fore | -0.02 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.009) | -0.07 (0.01) | -0.02 (0.009)* | a,c | ||||
| Hind | 0.05 (0.01) | -0.01 (0.003)* | 0.10 (0.01) | -0.004 (0.003) | |||||
Values are the means (s.e.m.) obtained from regressions fit to the data of the four individual horses. Comparisons were made for each variable at 3.5 m s-1 and between the slopes from the regression line (Slope).
The regression coefficients for tc, DF and Impz were performed on log-transformed data as these variables were best fit by power functions.
For the statistical comparisons `leg' refers to the test between the fore-and hindlimb and `condition' refers to the test between level and incline.
a, leg (P<0.05); b, condition (P<0.05); c, leg× condition (P<0.05).
95% confidence interval does not include 0.