Species in which tongue aiming ability was examined, including the number of animals observed, presence or absence of aiming, maximum tongue angle when aiming, mean angle of tongue deviation after unilateral m. genioglossus denervation (when prey is presented directly in front of the frog) and direction of deviation after unilateral denervation
| Species . | N . | Aiming . | Maximum tongue angle . | Unilateral m. genioglossus . | Side of deviation . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bufonidae | |||||
| Bufo woodhousii | 3 | No | 0 | 0 | No deviation |
| Ranidae | |||||
| Rana pipiens | 3 | Little | 5 | 20 | Active side |
| Microhylidae | |||||
| Brevicipitinae | |||||
| Breviceps mossambicus | 7 | Yes | 83 | — | — |
| Callulina kreffti | 4 | Yes | 52 | — | — |
| Probreviceps sp. | 1 | Yes | 44 | — | — |
| Cophylinae | |||||
| Platypelis tuberifera | 1 | Yes | 29 | — | — |
| Dyscophinae | |||||
| Dyscophus guineti | 5 | Yes | 53 | 6 | Inactive side |
| Microhylinae | |||||
| Dermatonotus muelleri | 5 | Yes | 109 | 47 | Inactive side |
| Gastrophryne olivacea | 5 | Yes | 77 | 7 | Inactive side |
| Gastrophryne carolinensis | 2 | Yes | 48 | — | — |
| Hypopachus variolosus | 1 | Yes | 42 | — | — |
| Kaloula pulchra | 5 | Yes | 32 | 9 | Inactive side |
| Microhyla achatina | 3 | Yes | 53 | — | — |
| Microhyla pulchra | 9 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Phrynomerinae | |||||
| Phrynomantis bifasciatus | 20 | Yes | 103 | 44 | Inactive side |
| Phrynomantis microps | 3 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Scaphiophryninae | |||||
| Scaphiophryne calcarata | 1 | Yes | 23 | — | — |
| Scaphiophryne gottlebei | 3 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Scaphiophryne marmorata | 2 | Yes | 62 | — | Inactive side |
| Scaphiophryne pustulosa | 7 | Yes | 33 | 22 | Inactive side |
| Species . | N . | Aiming . | Maximum tongue angle . | Unilateral m. genioglossus . | Side of deviation . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bufonidae | |||||
| Bufo woodhousii | 3 | No | 0 | 0 | No deviation |
| Ranidae | |||||
| Rana pipiens | 3 | Little | 5 | 20 | Active side |
| Microhylidae | |||||
| Brevicipitinae | |||||
| Breviceps mossambicus | 7 | Yes | 83 | — | — |
| Callulina kreffti | 4 | Yes | 52 | — | — |
| Probreviceps sp. | 1 | Yes | 44 | — | — |
| Cophylinae | |||||
| Platypelis tuberifera | 1 | Yes | 29 | — | — |
| Dyscophinae | |||||
| Dyscophus guineti | 5 | Yes | 53 | 6 | Inactive side |
| Microhylinae | |||||
| Dermatonotus muelleri | 5 | Yes | 109 | 47 | Inactive side |
| Gastrophryne olivacea | 5 | Yes | 77 | 7 | Inactive side |
| Gastrophryne carolinensis | 2 | Yes | 48 | — | — |
| Hypopachus variolosus | 1 | Yes | 42 | — | — |
| Kaloula pulchra | 5 | Yes | 32 | 9 | Inactive side |
| Microhyla achatina | 3 | Yes | 53 | — | — |
| Microhyla pulchra | 9 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Phrynomerinae | |||||
| Phrynomantis bifasciatus | 20 | Yes | 103 | 44 | Inactive side |
| Phrynomantis microps | 3 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Scaphiophryninae | |||||
| Scaphiophryne calcarata | 1 | Yes | 23 | — | — |
| Scaphiophryne gottlebei | 3 | Yes | — | — | — |
| Scaphiophryne marmorata | 2 | Yes | 62 | — | Inactive side |
| Scaphiophryne pustulosa | 7 | Yes | 33 | 22 | Inactive side |