Footfall patterns of symmetrical hindlimb cycles in vertically climbing orang-utans
| Individual . | Sex/age . | N . | P . | LD . | SD . | DD . | T . | DL . | SL . | LL . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals | |||||||||||
| Jersey Zoo | |||||||||||
| A | Male subadult | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Female adult | 13 | 0 | 0 | 23.1 | 30.8 | 46.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| C | Female adult | 9 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 66.7 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| D | Male juvenile | 26 | 7.7 | 38.5 | 19.2 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | |
| E | Male juvenile | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Sumatra | |||||||||||
| F | Male subadult | 16 | 0 | 0 | 43.8 | 50.0 | 0 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | |
| G+ | Female adult | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.0 | 40.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| H+ | Female adult | 22 | 0 | 0 | 22.7 | 59.1 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| I+ | Female adult | 4 | 0 | 25.0 | 0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| J+ | Female adult | 13 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 0 | 53.8 | 30.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| K | Female adult | 8 | 0 | 5.9 | 52.9 | 41.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| L | Female adult | 11 | 0 | 0 | 36.4 | 27.3 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 0 | 9.1 | |
| M | Male adolescent | 13 | 0 | 0 | 30.8 | 53.8 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| N | Indet. juvenile | 5 | 0 | 0 | 80.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20.0 | |
| O | Male adult | 9 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 | 66.7 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| P | Male subadult | 3 | 0 | 33.3 | 0 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q | Female adult | 2 | 0 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50.0 | |
| Q+ | Female adult | 7 | 14.3 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Extended-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| H+ | Female adult | 10 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| K | Female adult | 9 | 0 | 11.1 | 77.8 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Groups | |||||||||||
| Flexed-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| Adult females (B, C, K, L) | 41 | 0 | 0 | 24.4 | 46.3 | 24.4 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | ||
| Mothers (G+, H+, I+, J+) | 45 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 11.1 | 55.6 | 26.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Wild mother (Q) | 9 | 11.1 | 33.3 | 22.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | ||
| Adult male (O) | 9 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 | 66.7 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Subadult males (A, F, P) | 27 | 0 | 3.7 | 25.9 | 51.9 | 14.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Adolescent male (M) | 13 | 0 | 0 | 30.8 | 53.8 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Juveniles (D, E, N) | 36 | 5.6 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 0 | 2.8 | ||
| Captive (A, B, C) | 30 | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 50.0 | 36.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Rehabilitant (F, G, H, I, J, K, L) | 80 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 22.5 | 52.5 | 17.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 1.3 | ||
| Wild (O, P, Q) | 21 | 4.8 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 38.1 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | ||
| Extended-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| Adult females (H+, K) | 19 | 9 | 5.3 | 68.4 | 26.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Individual . | Sex/age . | N . | P . | LD . | SD . | DD . | T . | DL . | SL . | LL . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individuals | |||||||||||
| Jersey Zoo | |||||||||||
| A | Male subadult | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 62.5 | 37.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| B | Female adult | 13 | 0 | 0 | 23.1 | 30.8 | 46.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| C | Female adult | 9 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | 66.7 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| D | Male juvenile | 26 | 7.7 | 38.5 | 19.2 | 23.1 | 7.7 | 3.8 | 0 | 0 | |
| E | Male juvenile | 5 | 0 | 0 | 20.0 | 80.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Sumatra | |||||||||||
| F | Male subadult | 16 | 0 | 0 | 43.8 | 50.0 | 0 | 6.3 | 0 | 0 | |
| G+ | Female adult | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 60.0 | 40.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| H+ | Female adult | 22 | 0 | 0 | 22.7 | 59.1 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| I+ | Female adult | 4 | 0 | 25.0 | 0 | 50.0 | 25.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| J+ | Female adult | 13 | 7.7 | 7.7 | 0 | 53.8 | 30.8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| K | Female adult | 8 | 0 | 5.9 | 52.9 | 41.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| L | Female adult | 11 | 0 | 0 | 36.4 | 27.3 | 18.2 | 9.1 | 0 | 9.1 | |
| M | Male adolescent | 13 | 0 | 0 | 30.8 | 53.8 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| N | Indet. juvenile | 5 | 0 | 0 | 80.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 20.0 | |
| O | Male adult | 9 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 | 66.7 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| P | Male subadult | 3 | 0 | 33.3 | 0 | 33.3 | 33.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Q | Female adult | 2 | 0 | 50.0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50.0 | |
| Q+ | Female adult | 7 | 14.3 | 28.6 | 28.6 | 14.3 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Extended-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| H+ | Female adult | 10 | 0 | 0 | 60 | 40 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| K | Female adult | 9 | 0 | 11.1 | 77.8 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
| Groups | |||||||||||
| Flexed-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| Adult females (B, C, K, L) | 41 | 0 | 0 | 24.4 | 46.3 | 24.4 | 2.4 | 0 | 2.4 | ||
| Mothers (G+, H+, I+, J+) | 45 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 11.1 | 55.6 | 26.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Wild mother (Q) | 9 | 11.1 | 33.3 | 22.2 | 11.1 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 11.1 | ||
| Adult male (O) | 9 | 0 | 0 | 22.2 | 66.7 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Subadult males (A, F, P) | 27 | 0 | 3.7 | 25.9 | 51.9 | 14.8 | 3.7 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Adolescent male (M) | 13 | 0 | 0 | 30.8 | 53.8 | 15.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Juveniles (D, E, N) | 36 | 5.6 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 27.8 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 0 | 2.8 | ||
| Captive (A, B, C) | 30 | 0 | 0 | 13.3 | 50.0 | 36.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
| Rehabilitant (F, G, H, I, J, K, L) | 80 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 22.5 | 52.5 | 17.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 1.3 | ||
| Wild (O, P, Q) | 21 | 4.8 | 19.0 | 19.0 | 38.1 | 14.3 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | ||
| Extended-elbow vertical climbing | |||||||||||
| Adult females (H+, K) | 19 | 9 | 5.3 | 68.4 | 26.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||
P, pace; LD, lateral couplets/diagonal sequence; SD, single foot/diagonal sequence; DD, diagonal couplets/diagonal sequence; T, trot; DL, diagonal couplets/lateral sequence; SL, single foot/lateral sequence; LL, lateral couplets/lateral sequence. + signifies an adult female carrying an infant. The most frequent footfall pattern for each individual/group is highlighted in bold, where appropriate.