Optical parameters and performance of penguins
| Common name . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Species name . | Source . | Cornea . | Accommodation . |
| Blackfoot | Sivak, 1976 | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | RS: air: emmetropic water: mean = +18.5 D. N=4 birds, both eyes each. |
| Spheniscus demersus | Mean radii: 14.8, 16.3 | ||
| Power: 22.8,20.7* | |||
| Gentoo | Sivak and Millodot, 1977. | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | RS: air: -0.5 D to -1.75 D water: +9 D to +13.0 D. |
| Pygoscelis papua | Radii: 22.6, 22.1 | ||
| Power: 14.9, 15.3 | Method: water-filled goggles. | ||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: mean = -0.4 D (9 eyes) water: mean = +0.2 D. N=3 eyes. | |
| Radii: NA | |||
| Power: NA | |||
| Humboldt | Sivak et al., 1987 | N=4 birds. | RS: air: emmetropic water: emmetropic. N=7 birds, both eyes each. |
| Spheniscus humboldti | Radii: 10.10-10.76 | ||
| Power: 33, 31.3* | |||
| Martin and Young, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: myopic water: emmetropic. | |
| Radii: 11.33 | |||
| Power: 29.9* | |||
| King | Sivak and Millodot, 1977. | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | Refractive error: air: mean = -1.25 D water: mean = +10.0 D. |
| Aptenodytes patagonica | Radii: 29.3, 30.3 | ||
| Power: 11.5, 11.1 | Method: water-filled goggles. | ||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: emmetropic water: emmetropic. | |
| Radii: NA | |||
| Power: NA | Photorefractive limits: water 0.35 D. N=4 eyes. | ||
| Magellanic | Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=2 eyes | Photorefractive limits: air: mean = -0.1 D (N=5 eyes) water: mean =+0.17 D (N=12 eyes) |
| Spheniscus magellanicus | Mean radii: 11.5 | ||
| Mean power: 29.3 | |||
| Rockhopper | Sivak and Millodot, 1977 | N=3 birds, 1 eye each. | Refractive error: air: mean = -1.0 D, water: mean = +9.0 D. |
| Eudyptes cristatus | Radii: 18.5, 18.9, 19.8 | ||
| Power: 18.2, 17.8, 17.0 | |||
| Method: water-filled goggles. | |||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=6 eyes | Air: emmetropic; water: emmetropic. | |
| Mean radii: 11.1 | Photorefractive limits: air: -0.25 D (N=10 eyes); water: 0 D(N=2 eyes). | ||
| Mean power: 30.4 |
| Common name . | . | . | . |
|---|---|---|---|
| Species name . | Source . | Cornea . | Accommodation . |
| Blackfoot | Sivak, 1976 | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | RS: air: emmetropic water: mean = +18.5 D. N=4 birds, both eyes each. |
| Spheniscus demersus | Mean radii: 14.8, 16.3 | ||
| Power: 22.8,20.7* | |||
| Gentoo | Sivak and Millodot, 1977. | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | RS: air: -0.5 D to -1.75 D water: +9 D to +13.0 D. |
| Pygoscelis papua | Radii: 22.6, 22.1 | ||
| Power: 14.9, 15.3 | Method: water-filled goggles. | ||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: mean = -0.4 D (9 eyes) water: mean = +0.2 D. N=3 eyes. | |
| Radii: NA | |||
| Power: NA | |||
| Humboldt | Sivak et al., 1987 | N=4 birds. | RS: air: emmetropic water: emmetropic. N=7 birds, both eyes each. |
| Spheniscus humboldti | Radii: 10.10-10.76 | ||
| Power: 33, 31.3* | |||
| Martin and Young, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: myopic water: emmetropic. | |
| Radii: 11.33 | |||
| Power: 29.9* | |||
| King | Sivak and Millodot, 1977. | N=2 birds, 1 eye each. | Refractive error: air: mean = -1.25 D water: mean = +10.0 D. |
| Aptenodytes patagonica | Radii: 29.3, 30.3 | ||
| Power: 11.5, 11.1 | Method: water-filled goggles. | ||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=NA | RS: air: emmetropic water: emmetropic. | |
| Radii: NA | |||
| Power: NA | Photorefractive limits: water 0.35 D. N=4 eyes. | ||
| Magellanic | Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=2 eyes | Photorefractive limits: air: mean = -0.1 D (N=5 eyes) water: mean =+0.17 D (N=12 eyes) |
| Spheniscus magellanicus | Mean radii: 11.5 | ||
| Mean power: 29.3 | |||
| Rockhopper | Sivak and Millodot, 1977 | N=3 birds, 1 eye each. | Refractive error: air: mean = -1.0 D, water: mean = +9.0 D. |
| Eudyptes cristatus | Radii: 18.5, 18.9, 19.8 | ||
| Power: 18.2, 17.8, 17.0 | |||
| Method: water-filled goggles. | |||
| Howland and Sivak, 1984 | N=6 eyes | Air: emmetropic; water: emmetropic. | |
| Mean radii: 11.1 | Photorefractive limits: air: -0.25 D (N=10 eyes); water: 0 D(N=2 eyes). | ||
| Mean power: 30.4 |
Corneal power (measured in diopters) was calculated as F=337.5/R, where R (measured in mm) is corneal radius.
RS, refractive state; NA, data not available.
Radii only are provided.