Mean values of peak ground reaction forces (GRF) expressed as multiples of the birds' body weight measured over five experimental inclines
| . | . | Peak GRF . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incline angle (degrees) . | N . | Magnitude (multiples of Mb) . | Orientation (degrees) . | |
| 0 (horizontal) | 5 | 1.47±0.22 | 344±7 | |
| 60 | 10 | 3.32±0.14 | 327±3 | |
| 70 | 10 | 2.62±0.15 | 326±3 | |
| 80 | 8 | 2.42±0.19 | 317±4 | |
| 90 (vertical) | 5 | 2.61±0.29 | 302±5 | |
| . | . | Peak GRF . | . | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Incline angle (degrees) . | N . | Magnitude (multiples of Mb) . | Orientation (degrees) . | |
| 0 (horizontal) | 5 | 1.47±0.22 | 344±7 | |
| 60 | 10 | 3.32±0.14 | 327±3 | |
| 70 | 10 | 2.62±0.15 | 326±3 | |
| 80 | 8 | 2.42±0.19 | 317±4 | |
| 90 (vertical) | 5 | 2.61±0.29 | 302±5 | |
N, number of observations; Mb, body weight.
Values are means ± S.E.M.
Peak GRF during incline running: horizontal values were from fast walks(1.49±0.04 m s-1).
Although the magnitude of peak GRF decreases with angle of incline, during vertical running (90°) the magnitude of the GRF is nearly twice that of level walking. The level walks are included for comparison; however, during each observation the birds were decelerating slightly.