Amplitude coefficients from Fourier analyses of wing bending at the tip, leading edge and trailing edge of Manduca wings
| . | . | Amplitude coefficient . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | 26 Hz* . | . | 52 Hz . | . | 78 Hz . | . | 104 Hz . | . | |||||||
| . | Wing . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | |||||||
| Wing tip | 1 | 12.675 | 10.641 | 1.540 | 3.999 | 3.747 | 9.012 | 1.347 | 1.190 | |||||||
| 2 | 12.196 | 10.706 | 1.289 | 3.496 | 3.050 | 9.083 | 1.437 | 3.367 | ||||||||
| 3 | 13.235 | 11.856 | 2.783 | 2.744 | 2.710 | 10.049 | 1.514 | 3.739 | ||||||||
| 4 | 12.545 | 13.097 | 3.613 | 3.041 | 2.465 | 7.077 | 1.372 | 4.025 | ||||||||
| Leading edge | 1 | 4.620 | 4.323 | 0.906 | 0.798 | 1.524 | 2.564 | 0.119 | 0.614 | |||||||
| 2 | 3.486 | 4.452 | 1.026 | 0.911 | 1.126 | 3.014 | 0.231 | 0.436 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3.801 | 5.280 | 0.901 | 0.687 | 0.896 | 2.906 | 0.469 | 0.858 | ||||||||
| 4 | 5.236 | 6.817 | 1.561 | 1.175 | 1.092 | 2.045 | 0.595 | 1.120 | ||||||||
| Trailing edge | 1 | 11.386 | 9.904 | 1.157 | 2.677 | 3.626 | 10.295 | 1.227 | 5.581 | |||||||
| 2 | 12.589 | 9.794 | 1.341 | 2.536 | 4.467 | 9.553 | 1.519 | 4.666 | ||||||||
| 3 | 14.034 | 10.564 | 0.870 | 1.629 | 5.228 | 10.714 | 1.377 | 4.206 | ||||||||
| 4 | 14.965 | 13.062 | 1.222 | 2.856 | 5.680 | 9.485 | 2.779 | 4.470 | ||||||||
| . | . | Amplitude coefficient . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| . | . | 26 Hz* . | . | 52 Hz . | . | 78 Hz . | . | 104 Hz . | . | |||||||
| . | Wing . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | Normal . | Helium . | |||||||
| Wing tip | 1 | 12.675 | 10.641 | 1.540 | 3.999 | 3.747 | 9.012 | 1.347 | 1.190 | |||||||
| 2 | 12.196 | 10.706 | 1.289 | 3.496 | 3.050 | 9.083 | 1.437 | 3.367 | ||||||||
| 3 | 13.235 | 11.856 | 2.783 | 2.744 | 2.710 | 10.049 | 1.514 | 3.739 | ||||||||
| 4 | 12.545 | 13.097 | 3.613 | 3.041 | 2.465 | 7.077 | 1.372 | 4.025 | ||||||||
| Leading edge | 1 | 4.620 | 4.323 | 0.906 | 0.798 | 1.524 | 2.564 | 0.119 | 0.614 | |||||||
| 2 | 3.486 | 4.452 | 1.026 | 0.911 | 1.126 | 3.014 | 0.231 | 0.436 | ||||||||
| 3 | 3.801 | 5.280 | 0.901 | 0.687 | 0.896 | 2.906 | 0.469 | 0.858 | ||||||||
| 4 | 5.236 | 6.817 | 1.561 | 1.175 | 1.092 | 2.045 | 0.595 | 1.120 | ||||||||
| Trailing edge | 1 | 11.386 | 9.904 | 1.157 | 2.677 | 3.626 | 10.295 | 1.227 | 5.581 | |||||||
| 2 | 12.589 | 9.794 | 1.341 | 2.536 | 4.467 | 9.553 | 1.519 | 4.666 | ||||||||
| 3 | 14.034 | 10.564 | 0.870 | 1.629 | 5.228 | 10.714 | 1.377 | 4.206 | ||||||||
| 4 | 14.965 | 13.062 | 1.222 | 2.856 | 5.680 | 9.485 | 2.779 | 4.470 | ||||||||
Coefficients at the driving frequency (26 Hz; asterisk) and first three harmonics are shown for each wing in normal air and in helium.
Cases where the coefficient in helium varied by more than 100% from the coefficient in normal air are shown in bold.