Group . | Species . | English name . | N . | Body mass*, M (kg) . | Tarsometatarsus length, tmt (m) . | S.E.M.×10-2 . | Length of moment arm, d (m) . | S.E.M.×10-2 . | d/tmt . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WH | Carduelis chloris | European greenfinch | 2 | 0.030 | 0.0172 | 0.040 | 0.0022 | 0.003 | 0.126 |
WH | Columba livia domestica | Common pigeon | 16 | 0.315 | 0.0315 | 0.038 | 0.0047 | 0.013 | 0.148 |
WH | Columba palumbus | Common wood pigeon | 6 | 0.514 | 0.0325 | 0.030 | 0.0067 | 0.013 | 0.206 |
WH | Corvus corone cornix | Black hooded crow | 6 | 0.526 | 0.0581 | 0.127 | 0.0090 | 0.025 | 0.155 |
WH | Corvus monedula | Eurasian jackdaw | 5 | 0.232 | 0.0435 | 0.079 | 0.0063 | 0.011 | 0.145 |
WH | Fringilla coelebs | Chaffinch | 10 | 0.022 | 0.0179 | 0.021 | 0.0021 | 0.013 | 0.118 |
WH | Parus cristatus** | Crested tit | 4 | 0.012 | 0.0179 | 0.014 | 0.0027 | 0.011 | 0.153 |
WH | Passer domesticus | House sparrow | 6 | 0.030 | 0.0189 | 0.038 | 0.0028 | 0.006 | 0.146 |
WH | Passer montanus | Eurasian tree sparrow | 7 | 0.022 | 0.0168 | 0.019 | 0.0023 | 0.003 | 0.139 |
WH | Pica pica | Black-billed magpie | 11 | 0.223 | 0.0473 | 0.094 | 0.0059 | 0.022 | 0.125 |
WH | Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Eurasian bullfinch | 4 | 0.033 | 0.0186 | 0.056 | 0.0023 | 0.030 | 0.125 |
WH | Sturnus vulgaris | Common starling | 13 | 0.093 | 0.0296 | 0.023 | 0.0038 | 0.004 | 0.130 |
WH | Sylvia atricapilla | Blackcap | 2 | 0.018 | 0.0197 | 0.053 | 0.0028 | 0.057 | 0.144 |
WH | Sylvia borin | Garden warbler | 5 | 0.019 | 0.0197 | 0.017 | 0.0025 | 0.019 | 0.127 |
WH | Turdus iliacus | Redwing | 5 | 0.068 | 0.0288 | 0.031 | 0.0033 | 0.004 | 0.116 |
WH | Turdus merula | Common blackbird | 25 | 0.105 | 0.0338 | 0.016 | 0.0041 | 0.007 | 0.122 |
WH | Turdus philomelos | Song thrush | 8 | 0.075 | 0.0321 | 0.025 | 0.0032 | 0.019 | 0.101 |
WH | Turdus pilaris | Fieldfare | 5 | 0.105 | 0.0329 | 0.061 | 0.0037 | 0.028 | 0.113 |
BOP | Accipiter gentilis | Northern goshawk | 6 | 0.865 | 0.0751 | 0.079 | 0.0163 | 0.024 | 0.217 |
BOP | Accipiter nisus | Eurasian sparrowhawk | 2 | 0.204 | 0.0590 | 0.410 | 0.0054 | 0.115 | 0.091 |
BOP | Aquila chrysaetos | Golden eagle | 3 | 4.113 | 0.1048 | 0.219 | 0.0269 | 0.148 | 0.257 |
BOP | Asio otus | Long-eared owl | 6 | 0.284 | 0.0385 | 0.076 | 0.0105 | 0.038 | 0.272 |
BOP | Buteo buteo | Common buzzard | 6 | 0.809 | 0.0769 | 0.092 | 0.0155 | 0.052 | 0.202 |
BOP | Circus cyaneus | Northern harrier | 3 | 0.467 | 0.0739 | 0.276 | 0.0113 | 0.056 | 0.153 |
BOP | Falco peregrinus | Peregrine falcon | 4 | 0.995 | 0.0502 | 0.294 | 0.0118 | 0.108 | 0.236 |
BOP | Glaucidium passerinum | Eurasian pygme owl | 6 | 0.067 | 0.0166 | 0.026 | 0.0064 | 0.025 | 0.384 |
BOP | Milvus milvus | Red kite | 3 | 1.149 | 0.0558 | 0.077 | 0.0124 | 0.024 | 0.222 |
BOP | Pandion haliaetus | Osprey | 5 | 1.508 | 0.0528 | 0.074 | 0.0173 | 0.032 | 0.328 |
BOP | Strix aluco | Tawny owl | 7 | 0.460 | 0.0497 | 0.091 | 0.0124 | 0.042 | 0.250 |
C | Certhia familiaris** | Eurasian treecreeper | 2 | 0.009 | 0.0153 | 0.010 | 0.0026 | 0.010 | 0.172 |
C | Dendrocopos major | Great spotted woodpecker | 6 | 0.089 | 0.0250 | 0.036 | 0.0066 | 0.022 | 0.262 |
C | Picus viridis | Eurasian green woodpecker | 5 | 0.188 | 0.0316 | 0.033 | 0.0074 | 0.033 | 0.235 |
C | Sitta europaea | Wood nuthatch | 4 | 0.023 | 0.0198 | 0.012 | 0.0034 | 0.013 | 0.171 |
H | Amazona ochrocephala | Yellow-crowned parrot | 2 | 0.438 | 0.0223 | 0.049 | 0.0074 | 0.026 | 0.333 |
H | Melopsittacus undulatus | Budgerigar | 2 | 0.046 | 0.0138 | 0.034 | 0.0029 | 0.003 | 0.212 |
H | Nymphicus hollandicus | Cockatiel | 3 | 0.089 | 0.0145 | 0.038 | 0.0023 | 0.016 | 0.158 |
H | Parus ater** | Coal tit | 2 | 0.009 | 0.0160 | 0.017 | 0.0026 | 0.004 | 0.165 |
H | Parus caeruleus | European blue tit | 3 | 0.012 | 0.0166 | 0.023 | 0.0020 | 0.010 | 0.121 |
H | Parus major | Great tit | 2 | 0.019 | 0.0189 | 0.047 | 0.0023 | 0.004 | 0.120 |
H | Parus montanus** | Willow tit | 6 | 0.011 | 0.0166 | 0.011 | 0.0029 | 0.006 | 0.172 |
H | Psittacus erithacus | Grey parrot | 4 | 0.446 | 0.0228 | 0.068 | 0.0068 | 0.022 | 0.296 |
H | Regulus regulus** | Goldcrest | 6 | 0.006 | 0.0171 | 0.011 | 0.0018 | 0.008 | 0.107 |
FS | Gavia adamsii | Yellow-billed loon | 1 | 5.200 | 0.0964 | 0.0148 | 0.154 | ||
FS | Gavia arctica | Arctic Loon | 2 | 1.987 | 0.0783 | 0.042 | 0.0112 | 0.0045 | 0.143 |
FS | Gavia stellata | Red-throated loon | 4 | 1.144 | 0.0724 | 0.083 | 0.0103 | 0.0168 | 0.143 |
FS | Mergus merganser | Common merganser | 3 | 1.585 | 0.0496 | 0.278 | 0.0095 | 0.0094 | 0.192 |
FS | Mergus serrator | Red-breasted merganser | 4 | 1.197 | 0.0463 | 0.051 | 0.0087 | 0.0228 | 0.188 |
FS | Phalacrocorax carbo | Great cormorant | 4 | 3.490 | 0.0671 | 0.143 | 0.0140 | 0.0402 | 0.209 |
FS | Podiceps cristatus | Great crested grebe | 4 | 1.325 | 0.0647 | 0.096 | 0.0097 | 0.0355 | 0.150 |
FS | Podiceps griseigena | Red-necked grebe | 4 | 0.830 | 0.0540 | 0.188 | 0.0080 | 0.0025 | 0.149 |
SS | Aix sponsa | Wood duck | 5 | 0.681 | 0.0340 | 0.040 | 0.0070 | 0.013 | 0.206 |
SS | Alca torda | Razorbill | 6 | 0.717 | 0.0325 | 0.083 | 0.0064 | 0.015 | 0.196 |
SS | Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard | 5 | 1.101 | 0.0456 | 0.065 | 0.0091 | 0.039 | 0.201 |
SS | Aythya fuligula | Tufted duck | 2 | 0.992 | 0.0346 | 0.026 | 0.0068 | 0.049 | 0.197 |
SS | Bucephala clangula | Common goldeneye | 5 | 1.136 | 0.0391 | 0.029 | 0.0086 | 0.020 | 0.220 |
SS | Cepphys grylle | Black guillemot | 4 | 0.376 | 0.0323 | 0.037 | 0.0058 | 0.022 | 0.178 |
SS | Clangula hyemalis | Long-tailed duck | 2 | 0.705 | 0.0335 | 0.030 | 0.0067 | 0.013 | 0.201 |
SS | Larus argentatus | Herring gull | 4 | 1.177 | 0.0679 | 0.098 | 0.0086 | 0.019 | 0.127 |
SS | Larus canus | Common gull | 5 | 0.360 | 0.0517 | 0.097 | 0.0059 | 0.019 | 0.114 |
SS | Melanitta fusca | White-winged scoter | 3 | 1.606 | 0.0496 | 0.088 | 0.0092 | 0.014 | 0.185 |
SS | Netta rufina | Red-crested pochard | 2 | 1.220 | 0.0423 | 0.084 | 0.0078 | 0.046 | 0.184 |
SS | Plotus alle | Little auk | 6 | 0.108 | 0.0207 | 0.021 | 0.0040 | 0.015 | 0.196 |
SS | Rissa tridactyla | Black-legged kittiwake | 4 | 0.393 | 0.0342 | 0.042 | 0.0049 | 0.010 | 0.142 |
SS | Somateria mollissima | Common eider | 5 | 2.315 | 0.0538 | 0.069 | 0.0111 | 0.021 | 0.206 |
SS | Sterna hirundo | Common tern | 3 | 0.125 | 0.0200 | 0.054 | 0.0029 | 0.015 | 0.146 |
SS | Tadorna tadorna | Common shelduck | 4 | 1.167 | 0.0597 | 0.177 | 0.0107 | 0.019 | 0.178 |
SS | Uria aalge | Common murre | 6 | 0.670 | 0.0380 | 0.027 | 0.0073 | 0.009 | 0.191 |
Group . | Species . | English name . | N . | Body mass*, M (kg) . | Tarsometatarsus length, tmt (m) . | S.E.M.×10-2 . | Length of moment arm, d (m) . | S.E.M.×10-2 . | d/tmt . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WH | Carduelis chloris | European greenfinch | 2 | 0.030 | 0.0172 | 0.040 | 0.0022 | 0.003 | 0.126 |
WH | Columba livia domestica | Common pigeon | 16 | 0.315 | 0.0315 | 0.038 | 0.0047 | 0.013 | 0.148 |
WH | Columba palumbus | Common wood pigeon | 6 | 0.514 | 0.0325 | 0.030 | 0.0067 | 0.013 | 0.206 |
WH | Corvus corone cornix | Black hooded crow | 6 | 0.526 | 0.0581 | 0.127 | 0.0090 | 0.025 | 0.155 |
WH | Corvus monedula | Eurasian jackdaw | 5 | 0.232 | 0.0435 | 0.079 | 0.0063 | 0.011 | 0.145 |
WH | Fringilla coelebs | Chaffinch | 10 | 0.022 | 0.0179 | 0.021 | 0.0021 | 0.013 | 0.118 |
WH | Parus cristatus** | Crested tit | 4 | 0.012 | 0.0179 | 0.014 | 0.0027 | 0.011 | 0.153 |
WH | Passer domesticus | House sparrow | 6 | 0.030 | 0.0189 | 0.038 | 0.0028 | 0.006 | 0.146 |
WH | Passer montanus | Eurasian tree sparrow | 7 | 0.022 | 0.0168 | 0.019 | 0.0023 | 0.003 | 0.139 |
WH | Pica pica | Black-billed magpie | 11 | 0.223 | 0.0473 | 0.094 | 0.0059 | 0.022 | 0.125 |
WH | Pyrrhula pyrrhula | Eurasian bullfinch | 4 | 0.033 | 0.0186 | 0.056 | 0.0023 | 0.030 | 0.125 |
WH | Sturnus vulgaris | Common starling | 13 | 0.093 | 0.0296 | 0.023 | 0.0038 | 0.004 | 0.130 |
WH | Sylvia atricapilla | Blackcap | 2 | 0.018 | 0.0197 | 0.053 | 0.0028 | 0.057 | 0.144 |
WH | Sylvia borin | Garden warbler | 5 | 0.019 | 0.0197 | 0.017 | 0.0025 | 0.019 | 0.127 |
WH | Turdus iliacus | Redwing | 5 | 0.068 | 0.0288 | 0.031 | 0.0033 | 0.004 | 0.116 |
WH | Turdus merula | Common blackbird | 25 | 0.105 | 0.0338 | 0.016 | 0.0041 | 0.007 | 0.122 |
WH | Turdus philomelos | Song thrush | 8 | 0.075 | 0.0321 | 0.025 | 0.0032 | 0.019 | 0.101 |
WH | Turdus pilaris | Fieldfare | 5 | 0.105 | 0.0329 | 0.061 | 0.0037 | 0.028 | 0.113 |
BOP | Accipiter gentilis | Northern goshawk | 6 | 0.865 | 0.0751 | 0.079 | 0.0163 | 0.024 | 0.217 |
BOP | Accipiter nisus | Eurasian sparrowhawk | 2 | 0.204 | 0.0590 | 0.410 | 0.0054 | 0.115 | 0.091 |
BOP | Aquila chrysaetos | Golden eagle | 3 | 4.113 | 0.1048 | 0.219 | 0.0269 | 0.148 | 0.257 |
BOP | Asio otus | Long-eared owl | 6 | 0.284 | 0.0385 | 0.076 | 0.0105 | 0.038 | 0.272 |
BOP | Buteo buteo | Common buzzard | 6 | 0.809 | 0.0769 | 0.092 | 0.0155 | 0.052 | 0.202 |
BOP | Circus cyaneus | Northern harrier | 3 | 0.467 | 0.0739 | 0.276 | 0.0113 | 0.056 | 0.153 |
BOP | Falco peregrinus | Peregrine falcon | 4 | 0.995 | 0.0502 | 0.294 | 0.0118 | 0.108 | 0.236 |
BOP | Glaucidium passerinum | Eurasian pygme owl | 6 | 0.067 | 0.0166 | 0.026 | 0.0064 | 0.025 | 0.384 |
BOP | Milvus milvus | Red kite | 3 | 1.149 | 0.0558 | 0.077 | 0.0124 | 0.024 | 0.222 |
BOP | Pandion haliaetus | Osprey | 5 | 1.508 | 0.0528 | 0.074 | 0.0173 | 0.032 | 0.328 |
BOP | Strix aluco | Tawny owl | 7 | 0.460 | 0.0497 | 0.091 | 0.0124 | 0.042 | 0.250 |
C | Certhia familiaris** | Eurasian treecreeper | 2 | 0.009 | 0.0153 | 0.010 | 0.0026 | 0.010 | 0.172 |
C | Dendrocopos major | Great spotted woodpecker | 6 | 0.089 | 0.0250 | 0.036 | 0.0066 | 0.022 | 0.262 |
C | Picus viridis | Eurasian green woodpecker | 5 | 0.188 | 0.0316 | 0.033 | 0.0074 | 0.033 | 0.235 |
C | Sitta europaea | Wood nuthatch | 4 | 0.023 | 0.0198 | 0.012 | 0.0034 | 0.013 | 0.171 |
H | Amazona ochrocephala | Yellow-crowned parrot | 2 | 0.438 | 0.0223 | 0.049 | 0.0074 | 0.026 | 0.333 |
H | Melopsittacus undulatus | Budgerigar | 2 | 0.046 | 0.0138 | 0.034 | 0.0029 | 0.003 | 0.212 |
H | Nymphicus hollandicus | Cockatiel | 3 | 0.089 | 0.0145 | 0.038 | 0.0023 | 0.016 | 0.158 |
H | Parus ater** | Coal tit | 2 | 0.009 | 0.0160 | 0.017 | 0.0026 | 0.004 | 0.165 |
H | Parus caeruleus | European blue tit | 3 | 0.012 | 0.0166 | 0.023 | 0.0020 | 0.010 | 0.121 |
H | Parus major | Great tit | 2 | 0.019 | 0.0189 | 0.047 | 0.0023 | 0.004 | 0.120 |
H | Parus montanus** | Willow tit | 6 | 0.011 | 0.0166 | 0.011 | 0.0029 | 0.006 | 0.172 |
H | Psittacus erithacus | Grey parrot | 4 | 0.446 | 0.0228 | 0.068 | 0.0068 | 0.022 | 0.296 |
H | Regulus regulus** | Goldcrest | 6 | 0.006 | 0.0171 | 0.011 | 0.0018 | 0.008 | 0.107 |
FS | Gavia adamsii | Yellow-billed loon | 1 | 5.200 | 0.0964 | 0.0148 | 0.154 | ||
FS | Gavia arctica | Arctic Loon | 2 | 1.987 | 0.0783 | 0.042 | 0.0112 | 0.0045 | 0.143 |
FS | Gavia stellata | Red-throated loon | 4 | 1.144 | 0.0724 | 0.083 | 0.0103 | 0.0168 | 0.143 |
FS | Mergus merganser | Common merganser | 3 | 1.585 | 0.0496 | 0.278 | 0.0095 | 0.0094 | 0.192 |
FS | Mergus serrator | Red-breasted merganser | 4 | 1.197 | 0.0463 | 0.051 | 0.0087 | 0.0228 | 0.188 |
FS | Phalacrocorax carbo | Great cormorant | 4 | 3.490 | 0.0671 | 0.143 | 0.0140 | 0.0402 | 0.209 |
FS | Podiceps cristatus | Great crested grebe | 4 | 1.325 | 0.0647 | 0.096 | 0.0097 | 0.0355 | 0.150 |
FS | Podiceps griseigena | Red-necked grebe | 4 | 0.830 | 0.0540 | 0.188 | 0.0080 | 0.0025 | 0.149 |
SS | Aix sponsa | Wood duck | 5 | 0.681 | 0.0340 | 0.040 | 0.0070 | 0.013 | 0.206 |
SS | Alca torda | Razorbill | 6 | 0.717 | 0.0325 | 0.083 | 0.0064 | 0.015 | 0.196 |
SS | Anas platyrhynchos | Mallard | 5 | 1.101 | 0.0456 | 0.065 | 0.0091 | 0.039 | 0.201 |
SS | Aythya fuligula | Tufted duck | 2 | 0.992 | 0.0346 | 0.026 | 0.0068 | 0.049 | 0.197 |
SS | Bucephala clangula | Common goldeneye | 5 | 1.136 | 0.0391 | 0.029 | 0.0086 | 0.020 | 0.220 |
SS | Cepphys grylle | Black guillemot | 4 | 0.376 | 0.0323 | 0.037 | 0.0058 | 0.022 | 0.178 |
SS | Clangula hyemalis | Long-tailed duck | 2 | 0.705 | 0.0335 | 0.030 | 0.0067 | 0.013 | 0.201 |
SS | Larus argentatus | Herring gull | 4 | 1.177 | 0.0679 | 0.098 | 0.0086 | 0.019 | 0.127 |
SS | Larus canus | Common gull | 5 | 0.360 | 0.0517 | 0.097 | 0.0059 | 0.019 | 0.114 |
SS | Melanitta fusca | White-winged scoter | 3 | 1.606 | 0.0496 | 0.088 | 0.0092 | 0.014 | 0.185 |
SS | Netta rufina | Red-crested pochard | 2 | 1.220 | 0.0423 | 0.084 | 0.0078 | 0.046 | 0.184 |
SS | Plotus alle | Little auk | 6 | 0.108 | 0.0207 | 0.021 | 0.0040 | 0.015 | 0.196 |
SS | Rissa tridactyla | Black-legged kittiwake | 4 | 0.393 | 0.0342 | 0.042 | 0.0049 | 0.010 | 0.142 |
SS | Somateria mollissima | Common eider | 5 | 2.315 | 0.0538 | 0.069 | 0.0111 | 0.021 | 0.206 |
SS | Sterna hirundo | Common tern | 3 | 0.125 | 0.0200 | 0.054 | 0.0029 | 0.015 | 0.146 |
SS | Tadorna tadorna | Common shelduck | 4 | 1.167 | 0.0597 | 0.177 | 0.0107 | 0.019 | 0.178 |
SS | Uria aalge | Common murre | 6 | 0.670 | 0.0380 | 0.027 | 0.0073 | 0.009 | 0.191 |