Kicking and jumping performance
| . | . | Jumping . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | Kicking . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insect (N) . | Body mass (g) . | Distance (mm) . | Extension time (ms) . | Takeoff velocity (m s-1) . | Takeoff angle (deg.) . | Peak acceleration (m s-2) . | Max. rotational velocity (deg. s-1) . | Energy (μJ) . | Power output (mW)** . | Extension time (ms) . | Max. rotational velocity (deg. s-1) . | ||||||||
| Pholidoptera ♀ (4) | 0.6 | 296±14.7 | 32.6±0.95 | 2.12±0.33 | 143.8±28.8 | 1380 | 40 (67) | 11.1±0.98 | 41 800±3 200 | ||||||||||
| n=57 | n=25 | n=4 | n=4 | n=16 | n=4 | ||||||||||||||
| Pholidoptera ♂ (5) | 0.42 | 302±11.5 | 30.6±2.7 | 1.51±0.2 | 33.8±2.1 | 83.4±14.7 | 13 500 | 490 | 16 (38) | 10.1±0.72 | 26 400±3 500 | ||||||||
| n=129 | n=7 | n=5 | n=17 | n=5 | n=11 | n=27 | |||||||||||||
| Meconema ♀ (4) | 0.17 | 22.5±0.63 | 1.4 | 170 | 7.5 (45) | 6.8±0.86 | |||||||||||||
| n=10 | n=1 | n=10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Conocephalus ♂ (3) | 0.25 | 21 | 1.0 | 56.8±12.3 | 125 | 6 (24) | |||||||||||||
| n=2 | n=2 | n=17 | |||||||||||||||||
| Leptophyes ♀ (2) | 0.29 | 162±12.8 | 33.9±10.2 | ||||||||||||||||
| n=6 | n=5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Oecanthus ♀ (1) | 0.07 | 107 | |||||||||||||||||
| n=3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Prosarthria*♂ (10) | 0.28 | 660 | 30 | 2.5 | 41 | 165 | 11 500 | 850 | 28 (100) | 7 | 48 000 | ||||||||
| Schistocerca†(10) | 1.5-2 | 1 000 | 25-30 | 3.2 | 45 | 180 | 9 000-11 000 | 333 (222) | 3§ | 80 000§ | |||||||||
| Spilopsyllus‡ | 0.00045 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 50 | 1 330 | 0.225 | 0.3 (667) | ||||||||||||
| Sipyloidea¶(28) | 0.270 | 90 | 0.6-0.8 | 10-35 | 10 | 4 000 | 96 | 1 (3.7) | |||||||||||
| . | . | Jumping . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | Kicking . | . | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Insect (N) . | Body mass (g) . | Distance (mm) . | Extension time (ms) . | Takeoff velocity (m s-1) . | Takeoff angle (deg.) . | Peak acceleration (m s-2) . | Max. rotational velocity (deg. s-1) . | Energy (μJ) . | Power output (mW)** . | Extension time (ms) . | Max. rotational velocity (deg. s-1) . | ||||||||
| Pholidoptera ♀ (4) | 0.6 | 296±14.7 | 32.6±0.95 | 2.12±0.33 | 143.8±28.8 | 1380 | 40 (67) | 11.1±0.98 | 41 800±3 200 | ||||||||||
| n=57 | n=25 | n=4 | n=4 | n=16 | n=4 | ||||||||||||||
| Pholidoptera ♂ (5) | 0.42 | 302±11.5 | 30.6±2.7 | 1.51±0.2 | 33.8±2.1 | 83.4±14.7 | 13 500 | 490 | 16 (38) | 10.1±0.72 | 26 400±3 500 | ||||||||
| n=129 | n=7 | n=5 | n=17 | n=5 | n=11 | n=27 | |||||||||||||
| Meconema ♀ (4) | 0.17 | 22.5±0.63 | 1.4 | 170 | 7.5 (45) | 6.8±0.86 | |||||||||||||
| n=10 | n=1 | n=10 | |||||||||||||||||
| Conocephalus ♂ (3) | 0.25 | 21 | 1.0 | 56.8±12.3 | 125 | 6 (24) | |||||||||||||
| n=2 | n=2 | n=17 | |||||||||||||||||
| Leptophyes ♀ (2) | 0.29 | 162±12.8 | 33.9±10.2 | ||||||||||||||||
| n=6 | n=5 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Oecanthus ♀ (1) | 0.07 | 107 | |||||||||||||||||
| n=3 | |||||||||||||||||||
| Prosarthria*♂ (10) | 0.28 | 660 | 30 | 2.5 | 41 | 165 | 11 500 | 850 | 28 (100) | 7 | 48 000 | ||||||||
| Schistocerca†(10) | 1.5-2 | 1 000 | 25-30 | 3.2 | 45 | 180 | 9 000-11 000 | 333 (222) | 3§ | 80 000§ | |||||||||
| Spilopsyllus‡ | 0.00045 | 0.75 | 1.0 | 50 | 1 330 | 0.225 | 0.3 (667) | ||||||||||||
| Sipyloidea¶(28) | 0.270 | 90 | 0.6-0.8 | 10-35 | 10 | 4 000 | 96 | 1 (3.7) | |||||||||||
Numbers are means ± S.E.M. Means were calculated from data pooled from different animals. N = no. of animals; n = no. of observations.
Burrows and Wolf (2002).
Bennet-Clark (1975)
Bennet-Clark and Lucey(1967).
Burrows and Morris(2001).
Burrows and Morris(2002).
Numbers in brackets represent power output per gram body mass.