Taxon . | Observed colour . | Observed peak reflectance λmax (nm) . | Peak spatial frequency (nm-1) . | Fourier-predicted colour . | Fourier-predicted peak reflectance λmax (nm) . | N . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casuariiformes | ||||||
Casuariidae (cassowaries) | ||||||
Dromaius novaehollandiae | Light blue | - | 0.0065 | Light blue | 470 | 3 |
Anseriformes | ||||||
Anatidae (ducks) | ||||||
Oxyura jamaicensis | Light blue | 465 | 0.0053 | Yellow | 580 | 4 |
Galliformes | ||||||
Cracidae (guans) | ||||||
Chaemapetes unicolor | Dark blue | - | 0.0076 | Dark blue | 370 | 3 |
Numididae (guineafowl) | ||||||
Numida meleagris | Light blue | - | 0.0063 | Light blue | 440 | 7 |
Phasianidae (pheasants) | ||||||
Tragopan temmincki | Dark blue | 352 | 0.0068 | Dark blue | 340 | 17 |
Light blue | 465 | 0.0065 | Light blue | 480 | 8 | |
Tragopan caboti | Dark blue | 449 | 0.0078 | Dark blue | 350 | 12 |
Light blue | 450 | 0.0067 | Dark blue | 390 | 7 | |
Orange | 603 | 0.0051 | Yellow | 580 | 8 | |
Tragopan satyra | Dark blue | 366 | 0.0073 | Dark blue | 350 | 16 |
Lophura bulweri | Deep blue | 340 | 0.0071 | Dark blue | 400 | 19 |
Lophophorus impejanus | Deep blue | 350 | 0.0071 | Dark blue | 400 | 7 |
Meleagris gallipavo | Blue | - | 0.0097 | Dark blue | 330 | 3 |
Pelecaniformes | ||||||
Sulidae (gannets and boobies) | ||||||
Sula nebouxii | Light blue | - | 0.0065 | Dark blue | 410 | 14 |
Ciconiiformes | ||||||
Ardeidae (herons) | ||||||
Pilherodius pileatus | Light blue | 579 | 0.0065 | Light blue | 480 | 11 |
Syrigma sibilatrix | Light blue | 533 | 0.0059 | Light blue | 470 | 26 |
Opisthocomiformes | ||||||
Opisthocomidae (hoatzin) | ||||||
Opisthocomus hoazin | Blue | - | 0.0083 | Ultraviolet | 300 | 4 |
Cuculiformes | ||||||
Cuculidae (cuckoos) | ||||||
Coua caerulea | Dark blue | 399 | 0.0077 | UV-blue | 360 | 3 |
Coua reynaudii | Dark blue | - | 0.0075 | Dark blue | 400 | 7 |
Ceuthmochares aereus | Yellow | - | 0.0055 | Green | 530 | 13 |
Trogoniformes | ||||||
Trogonidae (trogons) | ||||||
Apaloderma aequatoriale | Yellow | 530 | 0.0043 | Yellow | 600 | 3 |
Piciformes | ||||||
Ramphastidae (barbets and toucans) | ||||||
Selenidera culik | Turquoise | 487 | 0.0057 | Turquoise | 490 | 6 |
Ramphastos vitellinus | ||||||
Facial skin | Blue | - | 0.0055 | Blue | 440 | 4 |
Ramphotheca | Blue | - | 0.0053 | Green | 520 | 5 |
Ramphastos toco | UV-blue | 360 | 0.0057 | Dark blue | 400 | 10 |
Yellow | 550-750 | 0.0036 | Red | 720 | 5 | |
Passeriformes | ||||||
Eurylaimidae (broadbills and asities) | ||||||
Neodrepanis coruscans | Dark blue | 417 | 0.0082 | Ultraviolet | 349 | |
Blue | 517 | 0.0072 | Dark blue | 400 | ||
Neodrepanis hypoxantha | Dark blue | 403 | 0.0083 | Ultraviolet | 360 | |
Light blue | 465 | 0.0065 | Blue | 440 | ||
Philepitta castanea | Light blue | 483 | 0.0064 | Dark blue | 387 | |
Green | 528 | 0.0064 | Dark blue | 410 | ||
Thamnophilidae (antbirds) | ||||||
Gymnopithys leucapsis | Light blue | - | 0.0105 | - | - | 4 |
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta | Light blue | - | 0.0136 | - | - | 4 |
Myrmeciza ferruginea | Light blue | - | 0.0053 | Light blue | 480 | 4 |
Contingidae (cotingas) | ||||||
Perissocephalus tricolor | Dark blue | - | 0.0068 | Light blue | 470 | 5 |
Procnias nudicollis | Green | - | 0.0053 | Green | 510 | 5 |
Platysteridae (wattle-eyes) | ||||||
Dyaphorophyia concreta | Yellow-green | 535 | 0.0061 | Turquoise | 490 | 10 |
Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers) | ||||||
Terpsiphone mutata | Dark blue | - | 0.0083 | Dark blue | 330 | 3 |
Sturnidae (starlings) | ||||||
Leucopsar rothschildi | Dark blue | - | 0.0070 | Dark blue | 430 | 4 |
Taxon . | Observed colour . | Observed peak reflectance λmax (nm) . | Peak spatial frequency (nm-1) . | Fourier-predicted colour . | Fourier-predicted peak reflectance λmax (nm) . | N . |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Casuariiformes | ||||||
Casuariidae (cassowaries) | ||||||
Dromaius novaehollandiae | Light blue | - | 0.0065 | Light blue | 470 | 3 |
Anseriformes | ||||||
Anatidae (ducks) | ||||||
Oxyura jamaicensis | Light blue | 465 | 0.0053 | Yellow | 580 | 4 |
Galliformes | ||||||
Cracidae (guans) | ||||||
Chaemapetes unicolor | Dark blue | - | 0.0076 | Dark blue | 370 | 3 |
Numididae (guineafowl) | ||||||
Numida meleagris | Light blue | - | 0.0063 | Light blue | 440 | 7 |
Phasianidae (pheasants) | ||||||
Tragopan temmincki | Dark blue | 352 | 0.0068 | Dark blue | 340 | 17 |
Light blue | 465 | 0.0065 | Light blue | 480 | 8 | |
Tragopan caboti | Dark blue | 449 | 0.0078 | Dark blue | 350 | 12 |
Light blue | 450 | 0.0067 | Dark blue | 390 | 7 | |
Orange | 603 | 0.0051 | Yellow | 580 | 8 | |
Tragopan satyra | Dark blue | 366 | 0.0073 | Dark blue | 350 | 16 |
Lophura bulweri | Deep blue | 340 | 0.0071 | Dark blue | 400 | 19 |
Lophophorus impejanus | Deep blue | 350 | 0.0071 | Dark blue | 400 | 7 |
Meleagris gallipavo | Blue | - | 0.0097 | Dark blue | 330 | 3 |
Pelecaniformes | ||||||
Sulidae (gannets and boobies) | ||||||
Sula nebouxii | Light blue | - | 0.0065 | Dark blue | 410 | 14 |
Ciconiiformes | ||||||
Ardeidae (herons) | ||||||
Pilherodius pileatus | Light blue | 579 | 0.0065 | Light blue | 480 | 11 |
Syrigma sibilatrix | Light blue | 533 | 0.0059 | Light blue | 470 | 26 |
Opisthocomiformes | ||||||
Opisthocomidae (hoatzin) | ||||||
Opisthocomus hoazin | Blue | - | 0.0083 | Ultraviolet | 300 | 4 |
Cuculiformes | ||||||
Cuculidae (cuckoos) | ||||||
Coua caerulea | Dark blue | 399 | 0.0077 | UV-blue | 360 | 3 |
Coua reynaudii | Dark blue | - | 0.0075 | Dark blue | 400 | 7 |
Ceuthmochares aereus | Yellow | - | 0.0055 | Green | 530 | 13 |
Trogoniformes | ||||||
Trogonidae (trogons) | ||||||
Apaloderma aequatoriale | Yellow | 530 | 0.0043 | Yellow | 600 | 3 |
Piciformes | ||||||
Ramphastidae (barbets and toucans) | ||||||
Selenidera culik | Turquoise | 487 | 0.0057 | Turquoise | 490 | 6 |
Ramphastos vitellinus | ||||||
Facial skin | Blue | - | 0.0055 | Blue | 440 | 4 |
Ramphotheca | Blue | - | 0.0053 | Green | 520 | 5 |
Ramphastos toco | UV-blue | 360 | 0.0057 | Dark blue | 400 | 10 |
Yellow | 550-750 | 0.0036 | Red | 720 | 5 | |
Passeriformes | ||||||
Eurylaimidae (broadbills and asities) | ||||||
Neodrepanis coruscans | Dark blue | 417 | 0.0082 | Ultraviolet | 349 | |
Blue | 517 | 0.0072 | Dark blue | 400 | ||
Neodrepanis hypoxantha | Dark blue | 403 | 0.0083 | Ultraviolet | 360 | |
Light blue | 465 | 0.0065 | Blue | 440 | ||
Philepitta castanea | Light blue | 483 | 0.0064 | Dark blue | 387 | |
Green | 528 | 0.0064 | Dark blue | 410 | ||
Thamnophilidae (antbirds) | ||||||
Gymnopithys leucapsis | Light blue | - | 0.0105 | - | - | 4 |
Rhegmatorhina melanosticta | Light blue | - | 0.0136 | - | - | 4 |
Myrmeciza ferruginea | Light blue | - | 0.0053 | Light blue | 480 | 4 |
Contingidae (cotingas) | ||||||
Perissocephalus tricolor | Dark blue | - | 0.0068 | Light blue | 470 | 5 |
Procnias nudicollis | Green | - | 0.0053 | Green | 510 | 5 |
Platysteridae (wattle-eyes) | ||||||
Dyaphorophyia concreta | Yellow-green | 535 | 0.0061 | Turquoise | 490 | 10 |
Monarchidae (monarch flycatchers) | ||||||
Terpsiphone mutata | Dark blue | - | 0.0083 | Dark blue | 330 | 3 |
Sturnidae (starlings) | ||||||
Leucopsar rothschildi | Dark blue | - | 0.0070 | Dark blue | 430 | 4 |
Data reported for the three species of Eurylaimidae are from Prum et al.(1999a).
N represents transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image sample size.