Kick frequency (KF), kick depth(KD), active body drag(Db) and trunk inclination(TI) as measured when swimming at the indicated speeds (v) with or without fins
| . | v (m s-1) . | KF (Hz) . | KD (m) . | Db (N) . | TI (degrees) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | 0.6 | 1.29±0.14 | 0.34±0.08 | 20.0±7.8 | -18.2±2.2 |
| 0.7 | 1.44±0.05 | 0.33±0.04 | 23.6±5.8 | -15.9±3.7 | |
| 0.8 | 1.58±0.22 | 0.34±0.04 | 29.5±4.6 | -14.8±3.2 | |
| 0.9 | 1.73±0.15 | 0.37±0.03 | 38.9±8.8 | -12.6±3.4 | |
| 1.0 | 1.90±0.07 | 0.36±0.04 | 42.1±9.9 | -13.9±3.3 | |
| LF | 0.7 | 0.73±0.14 | 0.30±0.04 | 28.3±10.8 | -17.1±4.9 |
| 0.8 | 0.92±0.17 | 0.30±0.07 | 22.9±5.4 | -18.1±4.9 | |
| 0.9 | 0.98±0.20 | 0.31±0.06 | 41.8±13.5 | -14.6±3.1 | |
| 1.0 | 1.18±0.15 | 0.29±0.05 | 41.9±10.3 | -14.6±3.3 | |
| 1.1 | 1.29±0.16 | 0.33±0.05 | 54.1±6.6 | -10.7±3.7 | |
| LF-L | Abs. | -0.71±0.04* | -0.05±0.02* | 0.16±4.9 | -1.8±1.1 |
| (LF-L)/L | % | -43±5% | -14±5% | 1±18% | 13±18% |
| . | v (m s-1) . | KF (Hz) . | KD (m) . | Db (N) . | TI (degrees) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| L | 0.6 | 1.29±0.14 | 0.34±0.08 | 20.0±7.8 | -18.2±2.2 |
| 0.7 | 1.44±0.05 | 0.33±0.04 | 23.6±5.8 | -15.9±3.7 | |
| 0.8 | 1.58±0.22 | 0.34±0.04 | 29.5±4.6 | -14.8±3.2 | |
| 0.9 | 1.73±0.15 | 0.37±0.03 | 38.9±8.8 | -12.6±3.4 | |
| 1.0 | 1.90±0.07 | 0.36±0.04 | 42.1±9.9 | -13.9±3.3 | |
| LF | 0.7 | 0.73±0.14 | 0.30±0.04 | 28.3±10.8 | -17.1±4.9 |
| 0.8 | 0.92±0.17 | 0.30±0.07 | 22.9±5.4 | -18.1±4.9 | |
| 0.9 | 0.98±0.20 | 0.31±0.06 | 41.8±13.5 | -14.6±3.1 | |
| 1.0 | 1.18±0.15 | 0.29±0.05 | 41.9±10.3 | -14.6±3.3 | |
| 1.1 | 1.29±0.16 | 0.33±0.05 | 54.1±6.6 | -10.7±3.7 | |
| LF-L | Abs. | -0.71±0.04* | -0.05±0.02* | 0.16±4.9 | -1.8±1.1 |
| (LF-L)/L | % | -43±5% | -14±5% | 1±18% | 13±18% |
LF, with fins; L, without fins.
Values are means ±1 S.D.; Student's t-test for paired data(N=28).
The last two rows report the differences between the L and LF conditions at comparable speeds (Abs., absolute difference; %, percentage difference).
P<0.001.