Table 1.

Composition of ion-rich hard water and ion-poor Rio Negro water (soft water) to which the stingrays were acclimated

[Na+] (μmol l-1)[Cl-] (μmol l-1)[Ca2+] (μmol l-1)[DOC]* (mg Cl-1)pH
Hard water 2012 2192 897 2.60 6.5 
Rio Negro water 30 23 10 8.35 5.9-6.1 
[Na+] (μmol l-1)[Cl-] (μmol l-1)[Ca2+] (μmol l-1)[DOC]* (mg Cl-1)pH
Hard water 2012 2192 897 2.60 6.5 
Rio Negro water 30 23 10 8.35 5.9-6.1 
*

Dissolved organic carbon.

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