Performance characteristics of some power-generating muscles
| Species . | Muscle . | Cycle frequency (Hz) . | Strain . | Mean muscle stress (kN m-2) . | Mean strain rate (L s-1) . | Net power output (W kg-1) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vertebrate striated muscle | ||||||
| Blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis)1 | Pectoralis | 23.2 | 0.234 | 76 | 7.8 | 390 |
| Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)2 | Pectoralis | 9 | 0.36 | 57 | 4.8 | 175 |
| Gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis)3 | External oblique | 44 | 0.08 | 16 | 5.9 | 54 |
| Gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor)3 | External oblique | 21 | 0.12 | 24 | 3.4 | 58 |
| Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)4 | Tail shaker | 100 | 0.02 | ? | 4.0 | ? |
| Scorpion fish (Scorpaena notata)5 | White | 10.9 | 0.14 | 99 | 5.1 | 143 |
| Invertebrate striated and synchronous muscle | ||||||
| Scallop (Argopecten irradians)6 | Adductor | 1.8 | 0.23 | 75 | 0.7 | 29 |
| Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)7 | Metathoracic Tcx2 | 20 | 0.04 | 50 | 1.6 | 75 |
| Tettigoniid (Neoconocephalus triops)8 | Mesothoracic Tcx1 | 25 | 0.06 | 23 | 3.1 | 33 |
| Tettigoniid (N. triops)8 | Mesothoracic Tcx1 | 100 | 0.02 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 18 |
| Invertebrate asynchronous muscle | ||||||
| Beetle (Cotinus mutabilis)9 | Metathoracic basalar | 94 | 0.05 | 45 | 9.4 | 198 |
| Species . | Muscle . | Cycle frequency (Hz) . | Strain . | Mean muscle stress (kN m-2) . | Mean strain rate (L s-1) . | Net power output (W kg-1) . |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vertebrate striated muscle | ||||||
| Blue-breasted quail (Coturnix chinensis)1 | Pectoralis | 23.2 | 0.234 | 76 | 7.8 | 390 |
| Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos)2 | Pectoralis | 9 | 0.36 | 57 | 4.8 | 175 |
| Gray tree frog (Hyla chrysoscelis)3 | External oblique | 44 | 0.08 | 16 | 5.9 | 54 |
| Gray tree frog (Hyla versicolor)3 | External oblique | 21 | 0.12 | 24 | 3.4 | 58 |
| Rattlesnake (Crotalus atrox)4 | Tail shaker | 100 | 0.02 | ? | 4.0 | ? |
| Scorpion fish (Scorpaena notata)5 | White | 10.9 | 0.14 | 99 | 5.1 | 143 |
| Invertebrate striated and synchronous muscle | ||||||
| Scallop (Argopecten irradians)6 | Adductor | 1.8 | 0.23 | 75 | 0.7 | 29 |
| Locust (Schistocerca gregaria)7 | Metathoracic Tcx2 | 20 | 0.04 | 50 | 1.6 | 75 |
| Tettigoniid (Neoconocephalus triops)8 | Mesothoracic Tcx1 | 25 | 0.06 | 23 | 3.1 | 33 |
| Tettigoniid (N. triops)8 | Mesothoracic Tcx1 | 100 | 0.02 | 8.3 | 4.6 | 18 |
| Invertebrate asynchronous muscle | ||||||
| Beetle (Cotinus mutabilis)9 | Metathoracic basalar | 94 | 0.05 | 45 | 9.4 | 198 |
L, muscle length.
Askew et al. (2001), 2Williamson et al.(2001), 3Girgenrath and Marsh (1999), 4Conley and Lindstedt (2000), 5Wakeling and Johnston(1998), 6Marsh and Olson (1994), 7Mizisin and Josephson(1987), 8Josephson(1985b), 9Josephson et al. (2000).