Table 2.

Morphological parameters for real and model wings

Bombus B27Model bumblebee wing with offsetReal mayfly forewingReal mayfly hindwingCombined real mayfly wingsModel mayfly forewingQuail wingReal or model quail wing including offset
R (mm) 12.86 556 13.0 3.9 13.0 54.5 100.1 104.6 
AR 6.32 7.13 6.42 5.10 5.77 7.67 4.52 4.93 
r̂2(S) 0.541 0.578 0.546 0.572 0.520 0.573 0.522 0.538 
r̂3(S) 0.585 0.614 0.588 0.610 0.568 0.609 0.567 0.580 
Bombus B27Model bumblebee wing with offsetReal mayfly forewingReal mayfly hindwingCombined real mayfly wingsModel mayfly forewingQuail wingReal or model quail wing including offset
R (mm) 12.86 556 13.0 3.9 13.0 54.5 100.1 104.6 
AR 6.32 7.13 6.42 5.10 5.77 7.67 4.52 4.93 
r̂2(S) 0.541 0.578 0.546 0.572 0.520 0.573 0.522 0.538 
r̂3(S) 0.585 0.614 0.588 0.610 0.568 0.609 0.567 0.580 

R, wing length; AR, aspect ratio; r̂2(S) and r̂3(S),non-dimensional second and third moments of wing area.

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