... the effect of fatigue on muscle coordination during a cyclic exercise involving numerous muscles. Nine human subjects were tested during a constant-load rowing exercise (mean power output: 217.9±32.4 W) performed until task failure. The forces exerted at the handle and the foot-stretcher were measured...

.... * Author for correspondence ( mgharib@caltech.edu ) 4 4 2011 © 2011. 2011 drag-based propulsion vortex thrust paddling rowing The locomotion mechanism of flapping animals can be categorized into two modes: lift-based and drag-based propulsions ( Vogel, 2003 ). In lift-based...

... is directed ventrally and essentially parallel to the stroke plane (i.e. rowing), but net flow in large animals is directed dorsally and essentially transverse to the stroke plane (i.e. flapping). Detailed flow measurements based on Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) ensemble-correlation analysis revealed...

...Jeffrey A. Walker; Mark W. Westneat SUMMARY Labriform locomotion, which is powered by oscillating the paired pectoral fins, varies along a continuum from rowing the fins back and forth to flapping the fins up and down. It has generally been assumed (i) that flapping is more mechanically efficient...