..., this reveals a 2×2 matrix of timing-dependent memory valence for the occurrence/termination of reward/punishment. These findings should aid the understanding and modelling of how brains decipher the predictive, causal structure of events around a target reinforcing occurrence. * Present address...

.... , Tanimura , T. and Gerber , B. ( 2015 ). Learning the specific quality of taste reinforcement in larval Drosophila . Elife   4 , e04711 . 10.7554/eLife.04711 Schmidt , J. , Kuck , D. , Franke , K. , Sultani , H. , Laub , A. and Wessjohann , L. A. ( 2019...

... that these memories are established in parallel. We discuss the similarity of our results to what has been reported for sodium chloride, and the possible neurogenetic bases for concentration-dependent changes in valence when these tastants are used as reinforcers. * Author for correspondence ( ntoshima@lin...

... the high-temperature reinforcement information to influence place learning when accurate predictions can be identified. * Present address: Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA † Author for correspondence ( zarst...

... these analogous responses to cocaine in insects and mammals, we propose an alternative solution to the paradox of cocaine reinforcement. Ecologically, cocaine is an effective plant defence compound via disruption of herbivore motor control but, because the neurochemical systems targeted by cocaine also modulate...