... patterns of limb co-ordination using the phase difference between pairs of limbs. The limb phases [θ μ , where μ is an index indicating the leg following the conventions of Hildebrand (1989) , 0 for hind-left, 1 for fore-left, 2 for fore-right and 3 for hind-right] are a measure of where in a cycle a limb...

... the effects of multi-individual (group-wise) interactions on the rhythmic behaviour of the group by estimating phase synchrony between individuals of different strains (having different circadian periods) maintained in both homogeneous and heterogeneous groups. Although it is known that social interactions...

... and activation. A simulated work loop method was used to understand prior observations of sub-maximal power output in the dominant flight musculature of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta L. Here we show that mechanical work output and energy consumption ( via ATP) vary with the phase of activation, although they do so...

... with small changes in the relative timing of force and strain. Thus, while the primary determinants of LG work are net strain and mean force, the primary determinant of DF-IV work is the phase relationship between force and strain. Our results suggest that, in addition to influencing a muscle's mechanical...

...S. J. Simpson; D. Raubenheimer; S. T. Behmer; A. Whitworth; G. A. Wright SUMMARY Nutritional regulatory responses were compared for the cryptic ‘solitarious’ and the conspicuously coloured, aggregating ‘gregarious’ phases of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria . The desert locust has...

... for coupling. Three predictions of this arrangement were tested quantitatively in this study. (1) Given that the oscillating air flow has a wavelength of 7.5 cm, placing the rear locust 7.5 or 15 cm behind the front one should produce the same phase of coupling, whereas placing it at an intermediate distance...