...; to accomplish this task, they exhibit distinct metabolic changes during key reproductive stages. Enhydra lutris Gestation Lactation Resting metabolic rate Energetics Parental investment Sea otters ( Enhydra lutris ) are extreme income breeders ( Stearns, 1992 ; Thometz et al., 2014 ). High...

... to mothers rearing early versus late litters in the year. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: Teresa.Valencak@vu-wien.ac.at ) 18 11 2008 2009 energy allocation parental investment energetic cost reproduction reproductive effort seasonal shift allocation strategy fat depletion...

... for correspondence (e-mail: c.m.eising@biol.rug.nl ) 23 6 2003 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2003 2003 yolk androgen maternal hormone metabolism energy consumption daily energy expenditure sibling competition parental investment chick growth black-headed gull Larus ridibundus ...

... of Biologists 1992 Blattella germanica parental investment nitrogen metabolism Insects utilize a variety of strategies and adaptations to fulfil nutritional requirements for their growth, development and reproduction ( Thornhill and Gwynne, 1986 ; Slansky and Rodriguez, 1987 ). Reproductive...