... arm functional properties emerge from muscle contractile properties and limb anatomical organization and underpin behavioral ‘specialization’ of arm portions. Muscle biomechanics Octopus Motor control Invertebrate muscles Muscular hydrostat Force–length relationship Seventh...

...Alessio Di Clemente; Federica Maiole; Irene Bornia; Letizia Zullo ABSTRACT The octopus arm is a ‘one of a kind’ muscular hydrostat, as demonstrated by its high maneuverability and complexity of motions. It is composed of a complex array of muscles and intramuscular connective tissue, allowing force...

...@case.edu ) * Present address: 3 Ruth Hamoavia, Apartment 3, Netanya 42756, Israel 7 11 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2007 2007 feeding behavior biomechanics kinematics mollusk muscular hydrostat The same peripheral structure can be used for qualitatively...

... previously proposed inferences about a hydrostatic elongation mechanism and may serve to evaluate future dynamic models of tongue flicking. snake tongue tongue sheet muscular hydrostat flicking curvature 3-D kinematics high-speed fluoroscopy X-ray Snakes and some other squamates use forked...

... ; Nishikawa et al., 1999 ). We will describe each potential mechanism in turn and discuss the evidence for and against its playing a role in laterally directed tongue protraction in microhylids. Denervation experiments in Phrynomantis also support a muscular hydrostatic mechanism. After unilateral...

... muscular hydrostat Aplysia californica Molluscs are adapted to a broad range of environmental niches and feed on a wide range of foods with varying biomechanical properties( Brusca and Brusca, 1990 ). The molluscan feeding apparatus is characterized by a rasping surface (the radula...

... that the tongue of H. marmoratum elongates hydraulically, the anatomical observations reported here favour a muscular hydrostatic mechanism of tongue elongation. H. marmoratum possesses a previously undescribed compartment of the m. genioglossus (m. genioglossus dorsoventralis), which is intrinsic to the tongue...

... by both in vivo and in vitro measurements. This suggests that the mutual deformation of structures within the buccal mass can be captured to a first approximation by accurately representing the muscular hydrostatic properties of the I3 muscle bands and the internal shapes of the radula/odontophore...

... data from 11 crawls, aligned to the pressure peak. Values are means ± S.E.M. 12 03 1996 ©The Company of Biologists Limited 1996 internal pressure biomechanics muscular hydrostat locomotion circular muscles posture leech Hirudo medicinalis Rigidity is required...

... 32306-3050, USA. 23 3 1992 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 Chamaeleo jacksonii chameleon feeding mechanism lizard muscle contractile properties muscular hydrostat The amniote tongue is characterized by a large, complexly arranged muscular portion invested...