... of Biologists Ltd 2023 http://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Scarabaeidae Dung beetle Ball rolling Complex terrain Locomotion Control Human Frontier Science Program https://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100004412 RGP0002/2017 Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung https://dx.doi.org...

... external force on land for relatively large animals like vertebrates. These different properties of the environment could drive variation in the design and mechanics of the locomotor system of organisms. Animals that use multiple environments can consequently exhibit locomotion conflicts between...

... and for enhancing mechanical power production during maximal running speed. Locomotion Sprinting Triceps surae Muscle–tendon unit Ultrasound Modeling During steady-state running, the external mechanical power and work that is needed to move the center of mass of the human body increases...

... muscle contractions, we found power amplification from springs within muscle itself. Lithobates catesbeianus Power output Elastic recoil Locomotion Frog National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001 1832795 National Institutes of Health http...

... aerobic and non-aerobic (high-energy phosphate stores and substrate-level phosphorylation) metabolic energy contributions, and yet no study to date has quantified both types of metabolic contribution in comparison to locomotion by solitary individuals. There are multiple challenging questions regarding...

... evolved ancestrally to Chrysopelea . To test this predicted occurrence of dynamic behaviors in closely related taxa, we studied gap bridging locomotion in the genus Dendrelaphis , which is the sister lineage of Chysopelea . We recorded 20 snakes from two species ( D. punctulatus and D. calligastra...

...), an invasive insect in the USA that jumps frequently for dispersal, locomotion and predator evasion. High-speed video was used to analyze jumping by spotted lanternfly nymphs from take-off to impact on compliant surfaces. These insects used rapid hindleg extensions to achieve high take-off speeds (2.7–3.4 m s...

... Biomechanics and Evolution , pp. 23 - 56 . Oxford : BIOS Scientific Publishers Limited . Garland , T. Jr and Albuquerque , R. L. ( 2017 ). Locomotion, energetics, performance, and behavior: A mammalian perspective on lizards, and vice versa . Integr. Comp. Biol. 57 , 252 - 266...

... Summary: We outline practical guidelines for conducting, analysing and reporting escape response experiments in fish with the aim of facilitating study replication, comparative analyses and evidence synthesis. Biomechanics Fast-start Locomotion Whole-organism performance Startle response...

... compared with level strides, which, along with higher peak force, resulted in higher iLG work output in S 0. Intact birds recovered from the obstacle encounter within one stride, with only the perturbed obstacle stride S 0 differing significantly from level terrain locomotion across most measured variables...

...Luke N. Jessup; Luke A. Kelly; Andrew G. Cresswell; Glen A. Lichtwark ABSTRACT Many models have been developed to predict metabolic energy expenditure based on biomechanical proxies of muscle function. However, current models may only perform well for select forms of locomotion, not only because...

... that bones experience. If locomotion imposed lower loads in trees than on the ground, such a release from loading demands might have produced conditions under which potential constraints on the evolution of long limbs were removed, making it easier for them to evolve in arboreal species. We tested...

...Nikolaos Papachatzis; Samuel F. Ray; Kota Z. Takahashi ABSTRACT Foot structures define the leverage in which the ankle muscles push off against the ground during locomotion. While prior studies have indicated that inter-individual variation in anthropometry (e.g. heel and hallux lengths) can...

...Jeffrey Hainer; Keegan Lutek; Hailey Maki; Emily M. Standen ABSTRACT Control of locomotion involves the interplay of sensory signals and motor commands. Sensory information is essential for adjusting locomotion in response to environmental changes. A previous study using mathematical modelling...

.... For walking animals (which we define as encompassing any form of legged movement across the ground, such as walking, running, galloping, etc.), such substrate ‘roughness’ influences locomotion in a multitude of ways across scales, from roughness that influences how each toe or foot contacts the ground...

... and environmental conditions that may influence behavior and locomotion. This article considers how study setting influences the selection of animals, behaviors and methodologies for studying animal motion. We highlight the benefits of both field- and laboratory-based studies and discuss how recent work leverages...

... relevant to the study of terrestrial locomotion. We also highlight the external factors contributing to the evolution of this technology, including recent advancements in machine learning, and the influx of interest in cheetah biomechanics from the legged robotics community. References Alexander...

... the musculoskeletal and biomechanical adaptations that animals use to mitigate the consequences of size, and provide insights into the scaling of mechanical and energetic demands of animal locomotion. For each field, we discuss empirical measurements, fundamental scaling theories and the importance of considering...

... , 1185 - 1199 . 10.1093/icb/icq070 Blob , R. W. , Espinoza , N. R. , Butcher , M. T. , Lee , A. H. , D'Amico , A. R. , Baig , F. and Sheffield , K. M. ( 2014 ). Diversity of limb-bone safety factors for locomotion in terrestrial vertebrates: evolution and mixed...

..., little is known about the kinetics, mechanical energy profiles or spatiotemporal gait characteristics of this locomotor mode. In this study, we explored the dynamics of horizontal locomotion and vertical climbing on both flat substrates and narrow poles in five Australian green tree frogs ( Ranoidea...