... + currents, Na + currents, activated hyperpolarization current I f , and a current of unknown nature I X . Tunicate Blockers Ion channels The heart rhythm in mammals is initiated and regulated by a group of specialized cells located around the sinoatrial node artery (Li et al., 2014...

... and the duration of atrial and ventricular action potentials (APs). Prolonged exposure to new thermal conditions induces compensatory changes in ion channel expression and function, which usually partially alleviate the direct effects of temperature on cardiac APs and heart rate. The most heat-sensitive molecular...

... in ecotoxicology and biomedical safety testing. Drug screening Ion channels Tissue engineering Cardiac tissue Myocyte Heart rate In vitro models are widely used in biomedical, toxicological and pharmacological research as they provide a simplified test system whilst aligning...

.... 89 , 141 - 146 . Gadsby D. C. , Rakowski R. F. , De Weer P. ( 1993 ). Extracellular access to the Na,K pump: pathway similar to ion channel . Science 260 , 100 - 103 . Garland T. , Adolph S. C. ( 1994 ). Why not to do two-species comparative studies...

...@missouri.edu 2 10 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 neuronal excitability ion channels plasticity Intrinsic excitability refers to the propensity of a neuron to fire action potentials when exposed to an input signal, be it pre-synaptic activity or a direct input...

... the receptor can be considered as an example of an intracellular ligand-gated ion channel ( Ferris et al . 1989 ; Mayrleitner et al . 1991 ). Isolation, cloning and sequencing of the receptor has shown it to consist of a tetramer of approximately 260 kDa subunits. The InsP 3 -binding domain resides...

... The Company of Biologists Limited 1994 glibenclamide pinacidil Lemakalim hypoxia ion channels muskrat potassium channel Muskrats ( Ondatra zibethicus ) are common freshwater diving mammals with a well-developed diving response that occurs with either forced or voluntary diving ( Jones...

... transduction mechanisms can lead to similar behavioral responses. 19 08 1991 © 1992 by Company of Biologists 1992 cephalopod squid Loligo opalescens chemoreception olfaction patch-clamp ion channels L-Dopa. Anatomical studies have shown that squids (and other cephalopods...

... second messengers ion channels Hirudo medicinalis The displacement of 5-HT binding to receptors in mammalian neuronal preparations by a variety of agents has led to the classification of several major classes of binding sites. 5-HT 1 binding sites were first identified by their higher...

...+ channels are more important to the secretory process than the high-threshold channels. © 1988 by Company of Biologists 1988 neurosecretion pars intermedia electrophysiology ion channels Our ideas about the process of neurotransmitter release at synapses in both the peripheral...

... the plasma membrane channels important for regulation of hormone secretion to be predominantly agonist-activated, rather than of the more conventional voltage-dependent type. Likewise, evidence from new methods for recording single ion channels suggests the existence of intracellular sites for channel...