... ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed. Antipredator behavior Biomechanics Invertebrate Locomotion Maneuverability Rotation Directorate...

... a transition from reflexive withdrawal to pre-emptive evasion behaviors that is modifiable as a result of differences in internal state or prior injury. Nociception Pain Arousal Sensitization Invertebrate Leech National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke http://dx.doi.org...

...Ary A. Hoffmann; Carla M. Sgrò; Belinda van Heerwaarden ABSTRACT A (quite) large set of experiments has been undertaken to assess the potential for evolutionary changes in invertebrates under current and future climate change conditions. These experimental studies have established some key...

...Kathrin I. Thiede; Jan Born; Albrecht P. A. Vorster ABSTRACT Sleep is essential for memory consolidation after learning as shown in mammals and invertebrates such as bees and flies. Aplysia californica displays sleep, and sleep in this mollusk was also found to support memory for an operant...

...@fbmc.fcen.uba.ar ) Competing interests The authors declare no competing or financial interests. 23 12 2020 2 3 2021 © 2021. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2021 Long-term memory Contextual memory Protein synthesis Invertebrate Classical conditioning...

... spatial niche, in the evolution of gliding in wingless arboreal invertebrates. Fig. 7. Newly hatched E. tiaratum jump to cross gaps. (A) In each experimental trial, the insect first ascended to the jumping platform through a vertical wooden rod (step 1); its subsequent response to a distant...

... of a gliding joint in squid, preventing the joint surfaces from being disarticulated yet allowing sliding motions with minimal resistance. Adhesion Biomechanics Invertebrate Attachment mechanism Squid In contrast to the moveable joints of vertebrates ( Standring, 2008 ), arthropods...

... with supervised machine learning (ML) to propose a pipeline for studying in situ behavior of larger zooplankton such as jellyfish. We deployed the ITAG, a biologging package with high-resolution motion sensors designed for soft-bodied invertebrates, on eight Chrysaora fuscescens in Monterey Bay, using the tether...

.... Invertebrate Mt2 Lipid homeostasis Hemocyte Innate immunity Ceramide Signaling Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) Innate immunity ( Janeway and Medzhitov, 2002 ) is an evolutionarily conserved host defense mechanism present throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. It is the predominant form...

... in memory-forming ability, possibly due to environmental factors. Invertebrate Operant conditioning Aerial respiration Learning Environmental conditions are known to influence learning and memory formation in many species. The observation that environmental enrichment results in behavioural...

... in our knowledge of the evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems that have been enabled by comparative genomics and neuropeptide receptor deorphanisation. Evolution Invertebrate Neuropeptide Phylogeny Receptor Vertebrate The release of peptides as intercellular signalling molecules...

... on animal physiology. Studies on invertebrate model organisms, including the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans , have enabled the genetic manipulation of peptidergic signalling, contributing to an understanding of how neuropeptides pattern the output of neural...

... link between learning and memory performance, somatotropic control and ILP neuroendocrinology in L. stagnalis . As such, our findings echo a growing literature linking somatotropic systems to cognition and other brain functions in both vertebrates and invertebrates ( Creyghton et al., 2004...

... the intoxicating effects of alcohol, from whole-animal behavior to the activity of single neurons. Invertebrate Intoxication Social history Neural circuit Neurons Although alcohol is a widely used drug with significant behavioral, health and economic impacts, the cellular mechanisms of alcohol...

..., invertebrate systems have proven advantageous in investigating how drugs of abuse corrupt the most basic motivational and neurochemical systems. It has recently been shown that invertebrates and mammals have remarkable similarities in their behavioral and neurochemical responses to drugs of abuse. However...

... by an invertebrate neuron: dendritic gain is mediated by an “inward rectifier” K(+) current . J. Neurosci.   19 , 5875 - 5888 . Xiao , B. , Dubin , A. E. , Bursulaya , B. , Viswanath , V. , Jegla , T. J. and Patapoutian , A. ( 2008 ). Identification of transmembrane domain 5...

... the visible spectrum of most invertebrates, including orthopteroid insects ( Osorio, 1986 ; Briscoe and Chittka, 2001 ). Patterns of a single stripe against uniform background were used to test the use of contrasts for DAD landing and to test the effects of signal consistency and strength. All trials...

... invertebrates ( Glastad et al., 2011 ), including the prime model organisms Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans , suggesting that DNA methylation in insects is of minor importance ( Glastad et al., 2011 ). However, it should be noted that the detection of methylated bases in DNA and/or RNA...

...Julia E. Samson; T. Aran Mooney; Sander W. S. Gussekloo; Roger T. Hanlon Sound is a widely available and vital cue in aquatic environments, yet most bioacoustic research has focused on marine vertebrates, leaving sound detection in invertebrates poorly understood. Cephalopods are an ecologically...

... the presence of a putative TRPV-like receptor in the medicinal leech, building upon earlier studies in this lophotrochozoan invertebrate. The leech polymodal nociceptive neuron was activated by both peripheral and central application of the TRPV1-activator capsaicin in a concentration-dependent manner...