... that metabolically healthy ponies have greater microbial stability when challenged with this dietary change, compared with ponies with insulin dysregulation. 16S rRNA Hindgut Horse Glucagon-like peptide-1 Equine metabolic syndrome Endocrine The equine gastrointestinal microbiome, like...

...Zoe T. Self Davies; Andrew J. Spence; Alan M. Wilson ABSTRACT The horse has evolved to gallop economically at high speed. Limb force increases with speed but direct measures of limb ground reaction forces (GRFs) at gallop are sparse. This study reports GRFs for multiple limbs, using force plates...

.... This research suggests that breed-specific growth rates influence the maturation of the neural networks generating chewing rhythm, which may be altered because of changes in jaw mass during early postnatal growth. Here, we explored the intraspecific scaling of CCD within a sample of adult horses ranging from...

... limitations to this approach. Firstly, the inverse dynamics calculations used inertial properties of the equine forelimb taken from Buchner et al. ( Buchner et al.,1997 ). These inertial properties are based on Dutch Warmblood horses that had a slightly greater body mass and slightly heavier limbs than...

..., thoroughbred horses and elite human athletes. In each case, an absolute speed limit is definable, and the current record approaches that predicted maximum. While all such extrapolations must be used cautiously, these data suggest that there are limits to the ability of either natural or artificial selection...

... increases with the PE of the animal. In this study we investigate the mechanical energy ( ME ) fluctuations and the mechanical cost of transport (MCT) in six horses galloping up a range of gradients. We captured trunk movement with a six degrees-of-freedom inertial sensor mounted over the dorsal spinous...

... locomotion would enhance our understanding of locomotor powering during changes in terrain. This study measured foot-on and foot-off times from galloping horses using a previously validated system of limb-mounted accelerometers and a global positioning system data logger. A detailed track survey provided...

... a continuous scale of colours or does the neutral point divide their chromatic space into two colour categories, i.e. into colours of either short or long wavelengths? We trained horses to different colour combinations in a two-choice behavioural experiment and tested their responses to the training and test...

.... Rev . 3 , 10 -12. Barrey, E., Galloux, P., Valette, J. P., Auvinet, B. and Wolter,R. ( 1993 ). Stride characteristics of overground versus treadmill locomotion in the saddle horse. Acta Anat. Basel 146 , 90 -94. Björk, G. ( 1958 ). Studies on the draught forces of horses: development...

... with fluctuations in mechanical energy, even in the most efficient animals. In this study we investigate the exchanges between different forms of mechanical energy involved in high-speed gallop locomotion in Thoroughbred race horses during over-ground locomotion using innovative, mobile data collection techniques...

... that they compensate for the effects of size differences. Here we apply this principle to understanding the effects of size on locomotion within a species: the domestic horse. We predict that, without any factor to compensate for size differences, detectable deviations from dynamically similar locomotion would occur...

... position using a modified version of a commercial inertial orientation sensor that combines accelerometers, gyroscopes and magnetometers, thus giving a full set of movement parameters (displacement,velocity and acceleration in three dimensions). The 35 g sensor was attached over the spine of a horse...

... rufus ), where it resulted in a 36% underestimation of GRFz predicted using equation 1 ( Kram and Dawson, 1998 ). The shape of the GRF curve in the horse, where there is an apparently simpler lever system, has not been compared to a pure sine wave. The proportion of the body mass supported...

...-to the hindlimbs in quadrupeds. However, there are no whole-animal kinetic measurements of incline locomotion. Based on previous related research, we hypothesized that there would be a shift in forces to the hindlimb. The present study measured the force produced by the fore- and hindlimbs of horses while trotting...

...Darren J. Dutto; Donald F. Hoyt; Hilary M. Clayton; Edward A. Cogger; Steven J. Wickler SUMMARY The ability to jump over an obstacle depends upon the generation of work across the joints of the propelling limb(s). The total work generated by one hind limb of a horse and the contribution...

...Steven J. Wickler; Donald F. Hoyt; Edward A. Cogger; Gregory Myers SUMMARY Two studies have focused on potential triggers for the trot–gallop transition in the horse. One study concluded that the transition was triggered by metabolic economy. The second study found that it was not metabolic factors...

...M. Polly McGuigan; Alan M. Wilson SUMMARY A horse's legs are compressed during the stance phase, storing and then returning elastic strain energy in spring-like muscle-tendon units. The arrangement of the muscle-tendon units around the lever-like joints means that as the leg shortens the muscle...

.... * Author for correspondence (e-mail: jdc1@york.ac.uk ) 27 02 2001 23 04 2001 © 2001 by Company of Biologists 2001 bone Young’s modulus anisotropy nanoindentation osteone horse Equus caballus It is generally regarded almost as a truism that the architectures...

...A. E. Minetti; L. P. Ardigò; E. Reinach; F. Saibene ABSTRACT Three-dimensional motion capture and metabolic assessment were performed on four standardbred horses while walking, trotting and galloping on a motorized treadmill at different speeds. The mechanical work was partitioned into the internal...

...: sacrificing strength for load predictability? J. Theor. Biol. 131 , 75 – 92 . 10.1016/S0022-5193(88)80122-X Biewener , A. A. , Thomason , J. , Goodship , A. and Lanyon , L. E. ( 1983a ). Bone stress in the horse forelimb during locomotion at different gaits: a comparison...