... the nature of the MGB axis in non-mammalian wildlife unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the temperature and the microbial environment in which tadpoles were raised shapes neurodevelopment, possibly through the MGB axis. Newly hatched Green Frog tadpoles ( Lithobates clamitans ) were raised...

.... , Streicher , J. W. , Greenbaum , E. , Tinsley , R. C. et al. ( 2019 ). Xenopus fraseri : Mr. Fraser, where did your frog come from? PLoS ONE 14 , e0220892 . 10.1371/journal.pone.0220892 Fuxjager , M. J. , Lee , J.-H. , Chan , T.-M. , Bahn , J. H. , Chew , J. G...

... were evaluated in the Emei music frog ( Nidirana daunchina ) to assess the potential eye preferences and their underlying dynamic neural mechanism, using behavioral and electrophysiological experiments, respectively. To do this, when the prey stimulus (live cricket and leaf as control) was moved around...

... from the periphery of an expanding population of the clawed frog Xenopus laevis in France where it was introduced about 30 years ago. Additionally, we provide data on the morphology of frogs from two additional sites to test whether the observed differences can be generalized across the range...

... predominantly via swimming, short hops or even diagonal-sequence gaits. Furthermore, many anurans with similar locomotion and morphology are actually convergent (e.g. multiple independent evolutions of ‘tree frogs’), while closely related species may differ drastically, as with the walking toad...

.... This also implies that behavioral strategies may differ between the two sexes, allowing them to optimize their fitness in a given ecological context. Here, we investigated whether males and females differ in their exploration behavior in an aquatic frog ( Xenopus tropicalis ). Moreover, we explored whether...

... and revising the article. Competing interests The authors declare no competing financial interests. 30 6 2014 27 10 2014 © 2014. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2014 Catch mechanism Muscle Frog Catapult Tendon Elastic energy storage is used by a wide...

... limit. We used a unique opportunity provided by a frog jumping contest to evaluate the validity of existing laboratory estimates of maximum jumping performance in bullfrogs ( Rana catesbeiana ). We recorded video of 3124 bullfrog jumps over the course of the 4-day contest at the Calaveras County Jumping...

... plasticity of the central nervous system has significant implications for regenerative medicine and sensory augmentation technology. © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 vision behavior memory transplantation innervation plasticity frog One of the major challenges...

... capacity have been observed in some species and may constrain the ability of organisms to disperse. Here, we tested for the presence of locomotor trade-offs between maximal exertion and burst performance capacity in an aquatic frog, the tropical clawed frog ( Xenopus tropicalis ). Given the importance...

... the most endangered vertebrate taxa. Here we use the tropical clawed frog, Xenopus tropicalis , as a model system to explore effects of temperature on locomotor performance. Our analyses show that locomotion is thermally sensitive, as illustrated by significant effects of temperature on terrestrial...

...Christopher T. Richards SUMMARY The aims of this study were to explore the hydrodynamic mechanism of Xenopus laevis swimming and to describe how hind limb kinematics shift to control swimming performance. Kinematics of the joints, feet and body were obtained from high speed video of X. laevis frogs...

... with muscle length data, force measurements were obtained using a novel tendon buckle force transducer placed on the Achilles tendon of Xenopus laevis frogs during brief accelerating bursts of swimming. In vivo work loops revealed that the plantaris generates a variable amount of positive muscle work over...

...Taffeta M. Elliott; Darcy B. Kelley SUMMARY In murky, crowded ponds in South Africa, female clawed frogs, Xenopus laevis (Daudin), vocalize to signal reproductive state. Female calls consist of acoustically similar clicks delivered in trains with characteristic rates. The rapping call of a sexually...

... frog, Bokermannohyla alvarengai (Bokermann 1956), however,spends a significant amount of the day exposed to full sun and relatively high temperatures. The means by which this frog copes with potentially high rates of evaporative water loss and high body temperatures are unknown. Thus, in this study...

... during propulsion and landing over a range of distances. Landing performance affects locomotor ability in jumping frogs. Landing and recovery together take up one third of the locomotor cycle. Peak landing forces are on average almost three times larger than propulsive forces. The forelimbs appear...

...Yukio Okada; Kotapola G. Imendra; Toshihiro Miyazaki; Hitoshi Hotokezaka; Rie Fujiyama; Jorge L. Zeredo; Takenori Miyamoto; Kazuo Toda SUMMARY The membrane properties of isolated frog parathyroid cells were studied using perforated and conventional whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. Frog...

...Eize J. Stamhuis; Sandra Nauwelaerts SUMMARY Frogs propel themselves by kicking water backwards using a synchronised extension of their hind limbs and webbed feet. To understand this propulsion process, we quantified the water movements and displacements resulting from swimming in the green frog...

...Sandra Nauwelaerts; Eize J. Stamhuis; Peter Aerts SUMMARY Frogs are animals that are capable of locomotion in two physically different media, aquatic and terrestrial. A comparison of the kinematics of swimming frogs in a previous study revealed a difference in propulsive impulse between jumping...

... tympanum reptile lizard frog bird The middle ears of terrestrial vertebrates come in two different forms. In the pressure receiver ear found in mammals and some birds, the two middle ear cavities are (nearly) acoustically isolated, non-directional pressure receivers ( Wightman and Kistler,1993...