... to the mechanical effect of oil in affecting flight energetics, but the effects observed in the first oiled flight and the difference in kinematics in the second oiled flight indicate that the predominant effect was mechanical. Thus, our findings should be generally applicable to other bird species and oil types...

... to fly in confinement, is a system of choice for addressing flight energetics questions, and FMR has been measured more often for the honeybee than for any other animal ( Harrison and Fewell, 2002 ). We re-examined whether, for honeybees flying in confinement, variation in FMR contributes...

... ) * Present address: Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 2 6 2004 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2004 2004 flight energetics thermoregulation muscle power efficiency bee Euglossa imperialis Euglossini Muscles convert...

... with A. dorsata and A. florea as a relatively low-powered, open-nesting honeybee, in contrast to the more high-powered cavity-nesters, A. cerana and A. mellifera . 26 11 1990 © 1991 by Company of Biologists 1991 Apis flight energetics thermoregulation honeybees In general...