... flexibility of rose chafer wings increases the torque of each wing while improving maneouvring stability by mitigating the asymmetry in wing pitch between contralateral wings. Flexible wings Flapping flight Free flight Insect Manoeuvring flight To find the AoA for the left wing we defined...

... kinematic variables. Insect flight Flapping flight Calliphora Helicopter model Flies are eminent miniature flyers that exercise stable and agile flight over a large flight envelop ( Beatus et al., 2015 ; Fry et al., 2003 ; Muijres et al., 2014 ). This aerial success hinges partly on flies...

...://www.biologists.com/user-licence-1-1/ Summary: Interwing aerodynamic interactions vary across the span of the high aspect ratio wings of dragonflies. This spanwise variation in aerodynamics could be exploited in the design of micro-air vehicles. Flapping flight Dragonfly Interaction Leading edge...

..., adding to the growing appreciation that wing flexibility is not merely an inevitable liability in flapping flight, but can enhance flight performance. We removed bees of average size (∼180 mg) from the enclosure, cold-anesthetized them, and attached a triangular tag to the dorsal side of the thorax...

...Diana D. Chin; David Lentink ABSTRACT More than a million insects and approximately 11,000 vertebrates utilize flapping wings to fly. However, flapping flight has only been studied in a few of these species, so many challenges remain in understanding this form of locomotion. Five key aerodynamic...

... a combination of mean and transient flight control mechanisms to enable them to maintain flight in highly turbulent wind environments. Archilochus colubri s Flapping flight Unsteady wind Hovering The Earth's surface directly influences wind profiles within the lowest region of the atmosphere...

...Arvind Santhanakrishnan; Alice K. Robinson; Shannon Jones; Audrey Ann Low; Sneha Gadi; Tyson L. Hedrick; Laura A. Miller The aerodynamics of flapping flight for the smallest insects such as thrips is often characterized by a ‘clap and fling’ of the wings at the end of the upstroke and the beginning...

... of the overall study and in the writing-up phase. COMPETING INTERESTS No competing interests declared. 21 12 2012 28 5 2013 © 2013. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd 2013 butterflies take-off variability aerodynamic force leg force insect flight flapping flight...

... ). The aerodynamic effects of wing rotation and a revised quasi-steady model of flapping flight . J. Exp. Biol. 205 , 1087 - 1096 . Satterlie R. A. ( 1985 ). Reciprocal inhibition and postinhibitory rebound produce reverberation in a locomotor pattern generator . Science 229 , 402 - 404...

... ). The influence of wing-wake interactions on the production of aerodynamic forces in flapping flight . J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 2257 - 2272 . Butcher J. C. ( 2003 ). Numerical Methods For Ordinary Differential Equations . Chichester, UK : John Wiley and Sons . Card G. , Dickinson M...

... strategy selection are also briefly discussed. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: shamoun@science.uva.nl ) 15 6 2006 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2006 2006 flapping flight foraging theory Larus ridibundus Larus fuscus soaring Aerodynamic theory adapted...

... sequences. * Author for correspondence (e-mail: bborrell@berkeley.edu ) 6 6 2005 © The Company of Biologists Limited 2005 2005 Clione antarctica drag flapping flight kinematics lift pteropod swimming Flying and swimming animals across a range of sizes produce...

... particle image velocimetry PIV unsteady aerodynamics flapping flight micro air vehicle A quantitative description of the flow field around insect wings is fundamental to understanding the aerodynamics of insect flight. The high performance of flying insects implies aerodynamic forces larger...

... stability in flapping flight. J. Theor. Biol. 214 , 351 -370. Taylor, G. K. and Thomas, A. L. R. ( 2003 ). Dynamic flight stability in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria. J. Exp. Biol. 206 , 2803 -2829. Thomas, A. L. R. and Taylor, G. K. ( 2001 ). Animal flight dynamics. I. Stability...

... of lift generation by insects in hovering flight. Part 1. Dynamics of the `fling'. J. Fluid Mech. 93 , 47 -63. Osborne, M. F. M. ( 1951 ). Areodynamics of flapping flight with application to insects. J. Exp. Biol. 28 , 221 -245. Sane, S. P. and Dickinson, M. H. ( 2001 ). The control...

... that the fluid dynamic phenomena underlying flapping flight are different from those of non-flapping,2-D wings on which most previous models were based. In particular, even at high angles of attack, a prominent leading edge vortex remains stably attached on the insect wing and does not shed into an unsteady wake...

... stability control flapping flight desert locust Schistocerca gregaria insect flight dynamics modes of motion equations of motion frequency response stabilising pitch reaction constant-lift reaction flight speed body angle The insect flight literature still lacks a quantitative...

... of a single pressure force that operates perpendicular to the surface of the wing ( Dickinson,1996 ; Usherwood and Ellington,2002 ). insect flight flapping flight wake structure insect aerodynamics DPIV digital particle image velocimetry flow visualization Constructing an aerodynamic...

..., 1994 ; Lehmann and Götz, 1996 ). The aerodynamic utility of these changes, however, is still not known. The data presented in this paper represent a comprehensive analysis of the effects that wing kinematics have on the generation of aerodynamic forces in flapping flight. The results reveal...

...S. A. Combes; T. L. Daniel SUMMARY Both kinematics and morphology are critical determinants of performance in flapping flight. However, the functional consequences of changes in these traits are not yet well understood. Traditional aerodynamic studies of planform wing shape have suggested that high...