...S. H. P. Maddrell ABSTRACT The body forms of the larvae of most endopterygote insects are remarkably similar. I argue that their typical worm-like shape cuts costs; in particular, this allows the larvae to benefit from cheaper moulting and from less costly provision of fuel and oxygen...

... in terms of rapid response and higher mean fitness, so why is it not more common? Plausibly, adaptive plasticity also confers a cost; reshaping the phenotype takes time and energy, so that canalised control of trait values enhances fitness if the optimal phenotype remains the same from one generation...

... maternal antibodies cost immune response © The Company of Biologists Limited 2008 2008 17 12 2007 (e-mail: jen.grindstaff@okstate.edu ) References Apanius, V. ( 1998 ). Ontogeny of immune function. In Avian Growth and Development: Evolution within the Altricial-precocial...

...Anne K. Gutmann; Brian Jacobi; Michael T. Butcher; John E. A. Bertram SUMMARY Walking humans spontaneously select different speed, frequency and step length combinations, depending on which of these three parameters is specified. This behavior can be explained by constrained optimization of cost...

..., New South Wales 2006, Australia. † Reprints can be requested from either author. 30 08 1994 metabolism larval development cost coulometric respirometry polarographic oxygen sensors Winkler assay Asterina miniata Crassostrea gigas Dendraster excentricus...