... synchronization of which validates bottom-up effects. Bark beetle Bottom-up effects Chemical communication Species interactions (4 S )-(−)-Ipsenol Transcriptome analysis Hauser's engraver beetle, Ips hauseri (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), mostly occurs in mountainous areas of Central Asia...

... they grow ( Finzi et al., 1998 ). Thus, a wide variety of species interactions become common under crowded conditions ( Jones et al., 1997 ), with some of the best known involving competition for space ( Dayton, 1971 ) and food ( Buss, 1979 ). However, interactions under crowded conditions can also...

... indirectly by modifying species interactions and the selection pressure imposed by predation. We analysed all data with permutational ANOVA in the LmPerm package ( Wheeler, 2014 ) in R ( R Development Core Team, 2013 ). We used a permutation analysis because it tests hypotheses based on the data per se...

... models species interactions quantitative genetics game theory functional response fitness function As described by Denny and Helmuth ( Denny and Helmuth, 2009 ), integrating biomechanics and ecology represents a scaling up from the biomechanics of individual organisms and their interaction...