... environmental change. Little is known about whether such changes may occur independently of external cues, such as photoperiod or temperature, or how they may impact the central nervous system. We compared membrane properties of neurons isolated from the retina of goldfish ( Carassius auratus ), an organism...

...Rikard Frederiksen; Gordon L. Fain; Alapakkam P. Sampath ABSTRACT Retinal bipolar cells receive direct input from rod and cone photoreceptors and send axons into the inner retina, synapsing onto amacrine and ganglion cells. Bipolar cell responses can be either depolarizing (ON) or hyperpolarizing...

... retinas. ipRGCs were initially thought to be a single retinal ganglion cell population, and melanopsin was thought to activate a single, invertebrate-like G q /transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC)-based phototransduction cascade within these cells. However, in the 20 years since the discovery...

...Michael W. Country; Michael G. Jonz ABSTRACT Neurons of the retina require oxygen to survive. In hypoxia, neuronal ATP production is impaired, ATP-dependent ion pumping is reduced, transmembrane ion gradients are dysregulated, and intracellular Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) increases enough...

... as a function of time. The dots connected by lines indicate the apparent position of the worm's head based on the information that the retina sends to the brain at each moment. These have been calculated from the (variable) latencies of single responses of a GC stimulated repeatedly with the retinal image...

.... , Turton , M. , Halford , S. , Foster , R. G. , Whitmore , D. and Hankins , M. W. ( 2011 ). Functional diversity of melanopsins and their global expression in the teleost retina . Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68 , 4115 - 4132 . 10.1007/s00018-011-0785-4 Davies , W. L...

... and green and no eye type- or sex-specific spectral specializations, evidenced using electroretinogram and behavioral assays. Arthropods Eye Retina Ultraviolet vision Electroretinogram Open field test There are over 48 thousand spider species on Earth (World Spider Catalog 20.5, https...

... unicornfish, Naso brevirostris , with the largest changes occurring from the larval to the juvenile stage. Visual ecology Teleosts Fish Ontogeny Opsin Retina Visual acuity Many animals use vision to perform important behavioural tasks such as feeding, mating, avoiding predators...

... a model organism of choice for developmental biology and neurobiology. This vertebrate model, which is also a favourite in chronobiology studies, shows striking circadian rhythmicity in behaviour. Here, we identify novel genes in the zebrafish genome that are expressed in the zebrafish retina. We further...

... models and genetics . Proc. R. Soc. B   275 , 163 - 173 . 10.1098/rspb.2007.1153 Blaxter , J. H. S. and Staines , M. ( 1970 ). Pure-cone retinae and retinomotor responses in larval teleosts . J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. UK   50 , 449 - 464 . 10.1017/S0025315400004641 Boughman...

... retina . In Progress in Sensory Physiology , Vol. 5 (ed. D.   Ottoson ), pp. 1 - 79 . Berlin, Heidelberg, New York : Springer . Horridge , G. A. ( 1978 ). The separation of visual axes in apposition compound eyes . Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci.   285 , 1 - 59...

... with a greater degree of accuracy. For example, we could precisely resolve the layering of the anterior median eyes and could map out the extensive retina of the anterior lateral eyes of the spider. Measurements also confirmed that fly ommatidia are focused into infinity, but showed that their focal plane...

... slug, and also shows the utility of β-arrestin as a molecular marker of optic nerves. Spatiotemporal resolution Lehmannia Optic nerve Rhodopsin Retina Gastropod Most metazoan animal species have eyes as a sensory organ specialized for the detection of ambient light. The evolution...

... varying across the retina. Spectral sensitivity, which affects both achromatic and chromatic (colour) vision, also varies across the retina, though the function of this inhomogeneity is less clear. We previously demonstrated spatially varying spectral sensitivity of double cones in the cichlid fish...

...Therese Reber; Antti Vähäkainu; Emily Baird; Matti Weckström; Eric Warrant; Marie Dacke ABSTRACT To control flight, insects rely on the pattern of visual motion generated on the retina as they move through the environment. When light levels fall, vision becomes less reliable and flight control thus...

... that predominantly expressed a short wavelength (SWS2) opsin but ultraviolet cones, expressing a SWS1 opsin, were present throughout the retina. Fish from red light-shifted lakes, when transferred to clear waters, had a ∼2% increase in RH2/LWS double cones, though double cone density remained constant. Comparison...

...Ruth Bejarano-Escobar; Manuel Blasco; Gervasio Martín-Partido; Javier Francisco-Morcillo SUMMARY Constant intense light causes apoptosis of photoreceptors in the retina of albino fish. However, very few studies have been performed on pigmented species. Tench ( Tinca tinca ) is a teleost inhabiting...

... visual function throughout ontogeny. * Author for correspondence ( shai.sabbah@queensu.ca ) 3 1 2012 22 3 2012 © 2012. 2012 vision fish photoreceptor development retina cichlids Ontogeny, the developmental history of an organism throughout its lifetime, is a key...

...Jason C. Raine; Allison B. Coffin; Craig W. Hawryshyn SUMMARY Thyroid hormones (THs) play a vital role in vertebrate neural development, and, together with the beta isoform of the thyroid hormone receptor (TRβ), the development and differentiation of cone photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina...

...J. C. Raine; A. B. Coffin; C. W. Hawryshyn SUMMARY Rainbow trout possess ultraviolet-sensitive (UVS) cones in their retina that degenerate naturally during development. This phenomenon can be induced with exogenous thyroxine [T4, a thyroid hormone (TH)] treatment. However, the previous T4 exposure...